Free LSAT Logic Game | Pure Sequencing

UPDATE: You can get this game, along with several others I've written, in a free book.


This Logic Game I've written is what some would categorize as Pure Sequencing, Loose Sequencing, or Relative Ordering.

Whatever you call it, this type of game requires you to put variables in order, just like Basic Linear games do.

So what's the difference between Pure Sequencing and Basic Linear?

In Pure Sequencing, most of the rules involve the relationship between one variable and another. They'll say things like "A is before B" or "C is after D."

In Basic Linear games, you'll have a few rules that refer to specific and defined "slots" or places within the ordering.

Because the rules for Pure Sequencing games differ from those in Basic Linear games, the most efficient diagrams for these types of games differ a bit from those you'd use for Basic Linear games.

Instead of using slots, I recommend using short lines or "branches" to represent the relationships between variables. In other words, draw lines between variables to indicate their relationships.

Represent something like "A is before B" as "A-B."

Please post your thoughts and questions in the comments!

***

Here's this week's Logic Game:

At the annual meeting of the Magicians' Alliance, 8 magicians-L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, and S- perform their latest illusions, one magician at a time. The order in which the magicians perform their illusions is consistent with the following conditions:

L and Q each perform at some time after P.
S performs at some time before O and L.
M performs at some time before S.
P performs at some time after N.
S and N each perform at some time after R.

1. Which one of the following could be the order in which the magicians perform their illusions?

(A) M, N, R, S, P, Q, L, O
(B) S, M, R, N, P, L, Q, O
(C) R, N, M, P, O, S, Q, L
(D) R, M, S, L, N, P, Q, O
(E) M, R, S, N, O, P, Q, L


2. Which one of the following magicians CANNOT perform third?

(A) M
(B) N
(C) O
(D) P
(E) S


3. If O is the fourth magician to perform, then which one of the following must be true?

(A) M is the second magician to perform.
(B) L is the fifth magician to perform.
(C) P is the sixth magician to perform.
(D) Q is the seventh magician to perform.
(E) L is the eighth magician to perform.


4. If P performs before S, then each of the following must be false EXCEPT:

(A) R is the third magician to perform.
(B) S is the fourth magician to perform.
(C) P is the fifth magician to perform.
(D) Q is the sixth magician to perform.
(E) S is the seventh magician to perform.


5. If R performs after M and O performs before P, then which one of the following could be true?

(A) M is the second magician to perform.
(B) O is the third magician to perform.
(C) N is the fourth magician to perform.
(D) S is the fifth magician to perform.
(E) L is the sixth magician to perform.


***

The text below contains the answers to the above Logic Game.

1. E
2. C
3. C
4. D
5. C

***

See my explanation and diagrams of this game in Logic Games Pure Sequencing Diagram | Explanation.

***

Also see my explanation of this game's set-up in Logic Games Pure Sequencing Step-by-Step Diagram.

***

For some LSAC-written Logic Games like this one, check out PrepTest 33, Game 1 and PrepTest 38, Game 1 in The Next 10 Actual, Official LSAT PrepTests.

Photo by dannysullivan / CC BY 2.0

(The above photo is from the episode "Spring Break" in the TV show Arrested Development. GOB makes the Bluth family's yacht "disappear." I can't believe someone actually made Lego scenes based on a TV show either. I love Arrested Development, but Lego scenes are a bit much.)

Free LSAT Logic Game | Grouping: Matching

You might not know this, but a version of the LSAT has come to India. It's called, appropriately enough, LSAT-India.

In honor of the LSAT's arrival in India, this week's Logic Game is about Hindu deities.

Disclaimer: This Logic Game is in no way meant to imply that all Indian students taking the LSAT are Hindu, nor is it meant to imply that Hindu students would ever pray to deities for LSAT assistance (or that they're the only students who'd pray to Hindu deities for assistance). I've simply given the game this topic because I think Hindu deities are cool, and because I promised I'd write a logic game about non-Greek deities.

Please post your thoughts and questions in the comments!

***
Here's this week's Logic Game:

Exactly four students-Arjun, Bobby, Jason, and Puja-pray to exactly seven Hindu deities-Ganesha, Hanuman, Krishna, Lakshmi, Rama, Shiva, and Vishnu-for assistance in achieving top LSAT scores. No deity answers the prayers of all four students, but each deity answers at least one student's prayer. The deities answer the students' prayers according to the following conditions:

Neither Lakshmi nor Rama answers Bobby's prayers, but Ganesha and Krishna both answer Bobby's.
Hanuman, Krishna, and Shiva answer Puja's prayers.
Hanuman answers at least three students' prayers, but Krishna and exactly one other deity each answer exactly two students' prayers.
If Vishnu answers a particular student's prayer, Hanuman does not answer that student's prayer.
If Ganesha answers a particular student's prayer, Rama does not answer that student's prayer.
Lakshmi answers at least one of the same students' prayers as Vishnu does.
Any deity who answers Puja's prayers also answers Bobby's but does not answer Arjun's.

1. For how many of the seven deities can one determine exactly which students' prayers are answered by each?

(A) two
(B) three
(C) four
(D) five
(E) six


2. If Shiva does not answer Jason's prayers, which one of the following could be true?

(A) Ganesha and Krishna answer exactly the same students' prayers as each other.
(B) Lakshmi answers both Arjun's prayers and Jason's prayers.
(C) Both Lakshmi and Rama answer Jason's prayers.
(D) Exactly three of the seven deities answer Jason's prayers.
(E) Exactly four of the seven deities answer exactly one student's prayers.


3. Which one of the following, if known, would allow one to determine exactly which students' prayers are answered by each deity?

(A) Ganesha answers the prayers of exactly one student.
(B) Ganesha answers the prayers of exactly three students.
(C) Lakshmi answers the prayers of exactly two students.
(D) Rama answers the prayers of exactly two students.
(E) Shiva answers the prayers of exactly three students.


4. Which one of the following could be a pair of deities both of whom answer the prayers of exactly three students?

(A) Ganesha and Krishna
(B) Ganesha and Lakshmi
(C) Ganesha and Shiva
(D) Hanuman and Rama
(E) Hanuman and Vishnu


5. Each of the following could be a pair of deities both of whom answer the prayers of exactly two students EXCEPT:

(A) Ganesha, Krishna
(B) Krishna, Lakshmi
(C) Krishna, Rama
(D) Krishna, Shiva
(E) Krishna, Vishnu


6. Which one of the following is a complete and accurate list of deities, any one of whom could be a deity who answers Arjun's prayers?

(A) Ganesha, Hanuman, Lakshmi, Rama, Shiva, Vishnu
(B) Ganesha, Krishna, Lakshmi, Rama, Vishnu
(C) Ganesha, Lakshmi, Rama, Vishnu
(D) Hanuman, Lakshmi, Rama, Vishnu
(E) Lakshmi, Rama, Vishnu


7. Which one of the following CANNOT be true?

(A) Exactly three of the seven deities answer exactly the same students' prayers as each other.
(B) Exactly three of the seven deities answer Arjun's prayers.
(C) Exactly three of the seven deities answer Jason''s prayers.
(D) Exactly four of the seven deities answer Arjun's prayers.
(E) Exactly four of the seven deities answer Jason's prayers.


Here's one more question, just for fun:

8. Each of the following could be a complete and accurate list of students whose prayers are answered by Ganesha EXCEPT:

(A) Arjun, Bobby
(B) Bobby, Jason
(C) Bobby, Puja
(D) Arjun, Bobby, Jason
(E) Bobby, Puja, Jason

***

Read the below if you have no idea how to set up this game, and you want a hint.

Make the deities your "base" - not the students. This will allow you to make inferences more easily.

***

The text below contains the answers to the above Logic Game.

1. B
2. E
3. D
4. C
5. E
6. C
7. D
8. D

***

See my explanation and diagrams of this game in Logic Games Matching Diagram | Explanation.

***
If you want to try several LSAC-written Logic Games that are similar to the one above, check out the 4th category of games in 7 LSAT Logic Games That Repeated on Future PrepTests.

Photo by pingu1963

Reading Comprehension Questions | Inference and Main Point

You've probably noticed much of the LSAT is about presenting simple things in a confusing way. The LSAT is all about hiding what's staring you right in the face. Reading Comp is no different.

If you've done more than a few Reading Comp passages, you've probably noticed by this point that RC passages tend to have a few of the following:

-main point/main idea questions
-primary purpose/function questions
-inference questions

This blog post will give a few quick tips on main point and primary purpose/function questions. I'll then go into detail with some tips for the more difficult types of RC inference questions.

Main Point Questions
Most of the time, these questions ask about the author's viewpoint or whichever viewpoint is given more attention and space in the passage.

In other words, this is often the aspect of the topic covered in the majority of the passage, not only in one paragraph. LSAT-takers often fall for choices that describe specific parts of the passage, rather than the majority of the passage.


Primary Purpose/Function Questions
These questions are very similar to main point questions. The difference? The answer choices are worded a bit more generally. In other words, they use more abstract language. Pay very close attention to the verbs used in each answer choice.


Inference
Inference questions don't actually ask for new information. They'll often require you to take the contrapositive of something in the stimulus or passage or to simply connect different parts of what's already there. This means you simply have to read a little deeper into relevant lines of the passage. Reading "between the lines" can obviously be difficult to do, but there's a common "trick" LSAC often uses in more difficult RC inference questions.

For these questions, the passage gives you the information you need (as it does for all inference questions). However, the passage simply presents this info in a way that makes it difficult to see and extract this info. This information is presented indirectly. The passage tells you something the author (or a person within the passage) doesn't believe. As a result, if you read carefully, you'll indirectly learn about what the author (or person within the passage) does believe.


Example #1:
PrepTest 37, Section 1, Question 19 (page 292 in "Next 10").

The passage describes Ellison's views on the audience's relationship to works of art by describing his criticism of an opposing viewpoint.

What do I mean by this? I mean that it describes Ellison's interpretation of the criticisms, and then it says Ellison doesn't like these things.

In lines 20-28 of the passage, Ellison says the critics' view makes "the narrow assumption that audiences are capable of viewing the world only from their own perspectives."

If Ellison considers their opinion to make a narrow assumption, then Ellison must disagree with this narrow assumption and whatever directly follows from it.

If the critics think audiences can't view the world from other perspectives, Ellison must think audiences are capable of viewing the world from other perspectives. In other words, as we see in choice C, "audiences have the capacity" to view the world from another perspective (or "appreciate" different art).


Example #2:
PrepTest 36, Section 2, Question 11 (page 265 in "Next 10").

"Would be most likely to agree" means they're asking another Inference question. The passage in full of info about Binns' opinions, so there's no need to guess at what Binns "might" think.

In lines 33-37 of the passage, Binns says the scholars treat the writings as "an autonomous and coherent whole, underestimating the influence on English writers..."

Binns believes these scholars underestimate the influence on English writers, so we can conclude Binns does not actually believe these writings are an autonomous and coherent whole. If Binns thinks they're not as simple and clear as the scholars have implied, Binns must think they're actually more complicated.

In other words, as choice C suggests, Binns thinks these scholars have done a "superficially coherent reading."


Example #3:
PrepTest 35, Section 2, Question 26 (page 235 in "Next 10")

This example isn't quite the same as the other 5, but I included it simply because it's a good opportunity to demonstrate another way LSAC masks content. In this passage, LSAC tells us about legal positivism in the middle of presenting Dworkin's opinion.

The legal positivists believe laws' meanings are all about judges' interpretations of the law. Paragraph 2 talks a lot about legal positivists' belief in "underlying convention," so you could potentially answer the question o n the basis of that paragraph. However, LSAC's trick is to tell what legal positivists most clearly believe in lines 45-49 through Dworkin's eyes.

In order to learn what the legal positivists themselves believe, we need to put aside Dworkin's opinions and focus on the views of the legal positivists themselves. If we ignore Dworkin for a moment and focus on legal positivism itself, we'll learn they're focused on meaning as convention, rather than innate (core) meaning, so choice D fits.


Example #4:
PrepTest 29, Section 2, Question 10 (page 26 in "Next 10")

The people with the view in lines 51-54 believe "the attempt to write down traditional languages is misguided and unnecessary." To phrase this in a positive form, we can describe their viewpoint by saying they believe traditional languages will be okay even if we don't write them down.

As choice A suggests, they believe the languages will survive without being written down.


Example #5:
PrepTest 22, Section 1, Question 15 (page 121 in "10 More")

In lines 49-52, we learn the "anti-objectivist" personal narrative can bridge the gap between those who are "legal insiders" and people excluded from legal discourse and the accompanying power.

In these lines, we're indirectly learning legal insiders have the power, so choice B fits.


Example #6:
PrepTest 19, Section 3, Question 6 (page 29 in "10 More")

Lines 45-50 describe P.D. James' "determination to leave areas of ambiguity...and to distribute guilt..." as a "conscious rebellion against the traditional neatness of detective fiction."

By describing P.D. James' crime novels in contrast to the norm, the author of the passage tells us traditional detective fiction doesn't leave areas of ambiguity or distribute guilt. Thus, choice D fits because it describes the neatness of detective fiction with a synonymous statement: "straightforward assignment of culpability for the crime."

Photo by maynard / CC BY-NC-SA 2.0

Free LSAT Logic Game | Grouping: Selection / In-Out

I've enjoyed forcing you to think about a spaceship with 8 monkeys and 7 Greek deities in a power struggle as you completed my first two LSAT Logic Games.

However, it's time to get back to the real world, at least for a little while, so the Logic Game I've written for this week has a more standard topic.

Please post your thoughts and questions in the comments!

***
Here's this week's Logic Game:

On Wednesday, a legislator remembers that she must vote on seven bills-defense, environment, free trade, gun control, health care, immigration, and judicial activism-by the end of the week. Because the legislator wants to align herself with a major political party, she will vote on the seven bills in accordance with the following conditions:

She votes for the gun control bill only if she votes against the environment bill.
Unless she votes against the judicial activism bill, she will vote for the immigration bill.
She will vote for either the environment bill, the judicial activism bill, or both.
She votes for the gun control bill if she votes for both the health care bill and the defense bill.

1. Which one of the following could be a complete and accurate list of the bills the legislator votes against?

(A) free trade, gun control, immigration, judicial activism
(B) defense, free trade, gun control, health care, immigration
(C) free trade, health care, immigration, judicial activism
(D) environment, gun control, health care, judicial activism
(E) defense, environment, gun control, health care


2. If the legislator votes against the judicial activism bill, then which one of the following CANNOT be true?

(A) She votes against both the defense bill and the gun control bill.
(B) She votes against both the gun control bill and the health care bill.
(C) She votes for both the health care bill and the defense bill.
(D) She votes for both the health care bill and the environment bill.
(E) She votes for both the environment bill and the free trade bill.


3. Which one of the following CANNOT be true?

(A) The legislator votes for neither the gun control bill nor the immigration bill.
(B) The legislator votes for neither the environment bill nor the immigration bill.
(C) The legislator votes for neither the gun control bill nor the health care bill.
(D) The legislator votes for neither the health care bill nor the free trade bill.
(E) The legislator votes for neither the free trade bill nor the immigration bill.


4. If the legislator votes against the immigration bill, then which one of the following is the minimum number of the seven bills she must also vote against?

(A) one
(B) two
(C) three
(D) four
(E) five


5. If the legislator votes for the gun control bill, then which one of the following must be true?

(A) She votes for the health care bill or the defense bill.
(B) She votes against the health care bill or the defense bill.
(C) She votes against the judicial activism bill.
(D) She votes for the immigration bill.
(E) She votes against the immigration bill.


6. If the legislator votes against the judicial activism bill, then each of the following could be true EXCEPT:

(A) She votes against the health care bill and the defense bill.
(B) She votes for the health care bill and the defense bill.
(C) She votes against the health care bill and the gun control bill.
(D) She votes against the free trade bill and the gun control bill.
(E) She votes for the environment bill and the free trade bill.


7. Suppose the condition is added that if the legislator votes for the free trade bill, then she will vote against the judicial activism bill. If all other conditions remain in effect, then each of the following must be true EXCEPT:

(A) If she votes for the free trade bill, then she votes against the gun control bill.
(B) If she votes against the environment bill, then she also votes against the free trade bill.
(C) If she votes against the immigration bill, then she votes for the free trade bill.
(D) If she votes against the judicial activism bill, then she also votes against the gun control bill.
(E) If she votes against the immigration bill, then she also votes against at least three other bills.


The text below contains the answers to the above Logic Game.

1. E
2. C
3. B
4. C
5. D
6. B
7. C

***

See my tips on how to solve this game in Logic Games Selection | In-Out Diagram Explanation.

***


If you want to try several LSAC-written Logic Games that are similar to the one above, check out the first category of games in 7 LSAT Logic Games That Repeated on Future PrepTests.

The 3rd game listed in 10 Hardest Logic Games is a similar Grouping: Selection / In-Out game as well.

Photo by rexandsharkey / CC BY 2.0 (from the Schoolhouse Rock song "I'm Just a Bill")"

Free LSAT Logic Game | Advanced Linear

I promised that my future Logic Games wouldn't be as easy as the Basic Linear game I wrote last week. (Yes, I know that game had a twist aside from the variables' names. Gotcha!)

Well, I've kept that promise. The Logic Game I created for this week is significantly harder than last week's, and that's not only because it's an Advanced Linear game. In fact, some Advanced Linear games are easier than Basic Linear games.

Of course, it's best to practice with actual LSAT Logic Games. However, some of you are concerned about running out of Logic Games in your prep (despite the fact that there are over 60 released LSAT PrepTests). Maybe you haven't ordered your LSAT books yet, don't have them with you at work, or maybe you just can't take out your LSAT books with coworkers and bosses watching.

Also, I enjoyed writing last week's Logic Game and reading your responses, so I've decided to write a Logic Game based on each of the major types of Logic Games. I'll post them on the blog over the next few weeks, along with more LSAT tips, of course.

Check out my categorization of LSAT Logic Games for info on the various types of Logic Games.

You can now see a complete explanation for the below Logic Game's setup.

***
Here's this week's Logic Game:

Eight monkeys-A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and H-ride a spaceship to Mars together. Each monkey sits in a different one of the spaceship's eight seats. The seats are in consecutive rows that are numbered 1, 2, 3, and 4 from front to back. Each row contains exactly two seats: a seat with a window facing the sun and a seat with a window facing the moon. The following conditions must apply:

E's window never faces the sun, but D's window always faces the sun.
F sits in row 1 or row 2, but neither row 2 nor row 3 can contain D.
B sits in the row immediately behind D's row.
If B's window faces the sun, then A's window faces the moon.
If D sits in row 1, then G sits in row 4.
If B sits in the same row as F, then G's window faces the sun.

1. Which one of the following could be an acceptable assignment of monkeys to seats, beginning with the seats in each row whose windows face the sun?

(A) Row 1: D, C; Row 2: B, F; Row 3: A, E; Row 4: G, H
(B) Row 1: D, E; Row 2: F, B; Row 3: H, A; Row 4: C, G
(C) Row 1: D, F; Row 2: B, A; Row 3: G, E; Row 4: H, C
(D) Row 1: D, H; Row 2: C, B; Row 3: F, A; Row 4: G, E
(E) Row 1: D, F; Row 2: B, E; Row 3: C, A; Row 4: H, G


2. If E sits in row 2, which one of the following is a complete and accurate list of monkeys, any one of whom could be among the monkeys who sit in row 4?

(A) A, G, H
(B) C, G, H
(C) A, C, F, H
(D) A, C, G, H
(E) A, C, F, G, H


3. If F's window faces the moon, but F does not sit in row 1, which one of the following CANNOT be true?

(A) A's window also faces the moon.
(B) C's window also faces the moon.
(C) E's window also faces the moon.
(D) G's window also faces the moon.
(E) H's window also faces the moon.


4. If G and H sit in the same row, each of the following could be an accurate list of monkeys whose windows face the moon from row 1 through row 4 EXCEPT:

(A) F, A, E, G
(B) F, E, A, G
(C) E, F, A, H
(D) F, B, E, H
(E) F, C, E, G


5. If A's window faces the sun, but F does not sit in row 1, which one of the following could be true?

(A) C and G sit in the same row.
(B) A and B sit in the same row.
(C) A and F sit in the same row.
(D) E's window faces in the same direction as G's.
(E) G's window faces in the same direction as B's.


6. If B's window and F's window face in opposite directions, which one of the following could be true?

(A) G's window faces the moon, and F sits in row 2.
(B) F sits in row 2's seat with a window facing the moon, and A's window faces the sun.
(C) D and F sit in the same row.
(D) G sits directly in front of H.
(E) F sits in row 2, and E's window faces the same direction as G's window.


The text below contains the answers to the above Logic Game.

1. E
2. D
3. D
4 .E
5. A
6. C

***

You can now see a complete explanation for this Logic Game's setup.

***

If you want to try an LSAC-written Logic Game that's similar to the one above, check out:

PrepTest 36, Section 4, Game 3 (page 280 in The Next 10 Actual, Official LSAT PrepTests).

I included that game in the "10 Hardest Logic Games" blog post.

Free LSAT Logic Games | Linear | Difficult Version

UPDATE: See the explanation for this Logic Game's setup.

***

LSAC could drive us crazy with a Logic Game based entirely on gods and goddesses whose names begin with the letter "A".

To be fair, LSAC has never done this before. In fact, you'll generally find that the variables in most Logic Games don't share the same first letter, allowing you to easily represent "apple" as "A", "banana" as "B", etc.

You've probably become so dependent on this norm that if you came across a game with multiple variables (people/places/things) possessing the same first letter, you wouldn't know what to do.

I know you're thinking:

This will never happen. There are dozens of PrepTests out there, and LSAC wasn't cruel in any of them in the way you've described. Stop giving them ideas!

True. LSAC hasn't ever made a game with all the variables beginning with the same letter. However, LSAC also hadn't ever written a game with virtually no room to diagram, but then the 4th Logic Game of the June 2009 LSAT came along. Since they already messed with the sacred diagram-drawing space, I wouldn't put it past them to start messing with the variables.

As for giving LSAC ideas, I'm sure they've already considered doing a game with all "X"s or "Z"s or something wicked like that. If they do, you'll now be ready for it.

How? Because you're about to do a Logic Game with multiple variables that start with the same letter. This game has 5 "A" variables and 2 "D" variables.

(There are no real Logic Games out there like this one, so I had to write my own. I know I always advise against using fake LSAT questions. However, I've modeled this on a few recent actual LSAT Logic Games, so I'm confident this is a fairly legitimate representation of what a Basic Linear Logic Game is like, if on the easier side.)

What's the magic technique to deal with a game like this? Believe it or not, it's nothing crazy. When you diagram the rules and draw slots, use the first couple of letters instead of only the first letter. This will allow you to distinguish between the variables without writing out their full names.

I know many of you are just starting out, so I've also posted an "easier" version of this logic game. It contains identical rules and associated questions - only the scenario and names of the variables are different.

However, I recommend you try out the more difficult version first just to get a sense of how reliant you are on having different letters for each variable.

Be adaptive. Think about ways LSAC could make Logic Games harder and be ready for whatever they throw at you.

***

LSAC is obsessed with using cars and trucks as Logic Game topics (someone's childhood obsession, perhaps, like dinosaurs). Well, I loved mythology as a kid, so I'm subjecting you to gods and goddesses from Greek mythology in my Logic Game (non-Greek deities will be used in future Logic Games, not to worry).

(I consider both versions to be pretty easy. The only thing that makes this version especially "hard" is the variables themselves. Aside from that twist, upcoming Logic Games that I write will be significantly more difficult.)

***

Here's the "hard version" of the game:

Seven Greek deities are fighting to establish a hierarchy of power on Mount Olympus. They are Aphrodite, Apollo, Ares, Artemis, Athena, Demeter, and Dionysus. No other deities participate in the fighting, and the hierarchy will establish an ordering of the seven deities from most powerful to least powerful. No two deities will be equally powerful.

The hierarchy of power must be established in accordance with the following restrictions:

There must be exactly two deities more powerful than Dionysus but less powerful than Apollo.
Dionysus cannot be the least powerful deity.
Apollo cannot be more powerful than Artemis.
Demeter cannot be the next most powerful deity after Athena, nor can Athena be the next most powerful deity after Demeter.
Aphrodite must be either the 4th or 5th most powerful.

1. Which one of the following could be the hierarchy of power, from most powerful to least?

(A) Artemis, Demeter, Apollo, Ares, Aphrodite, Dionysus, Athena
(B) Artemis, Apollo, Ares, Aphrodite, Dionysus, Athena, Demeter
(C) Demeter, Artemis, Apollo, Aphrodite, Dionysus, Athena, Ares
(D) Artemis, Athena, Apollo, Aphrodite, Demeter, Dionysus, Athena
(E) Athena, Ares, Artemis, Apollo, Aphrodite, Demeter, Dionysus


2. If Dionysus is the fifth most powerful deity, each of the following could be true EXCEPT:

(A) The second most powerful deity is Apollo.
(B) The third most powerful deity is Ares.
(C) The third most powerful deity is Athena.
(D) The sixth most powerful deity is Demeter.
(E) The seventh most powerful deity is Athena.


3. If Artemis and Apollo are the first and second most powerful deities, respectively, how many different hierarchies could there be?

(A) one
(B) two
(C) three
(D) four
(E) five


4. If Athena is the second most powerful deity, but Aphrodite is NOT the fourth most powerful deity, each of the following could be true EXCEPT:

(A) Ares falls immediately before Aphrodite in the hierarchy.
(B) Ares falls immediately after Dionysus in the hierarchy.
(C) Apollo falls immediately before Ares in the hierarchy.
(D) Aphrodite falls immediately before Ares in the hierarchy.
(E) Aphrodite falls immediately after Demeter in the hierarchy.


5. If the condition that Dionysus cannot be the least powerful deity is removed, and Dionysus then falls to the bottom of the hierarchy, but all other conditions remain in effect, which one of the following is now a complete list of deities, any one of which could be third most powerful?

(A) Ares, Artemis, Athena
(B) Demeter, Ares, Athena
(C) Demeter, Ares, Artemis, Athena
(D) Demeter, Aphrodite, Ares, Artemis
(E) Demeter, Apollo, Ares, Artemis


***

The text below contains the answers to the above Logic Game.

1. A
2. B
3. D
4. D
5. C

***

Having trouble with this Logic Game? See a step-by-step explanation of this Logic Game's setup with the easier version of this game - that game contains identical logic to this one and is a bit easier because the letters associated with the variables don't repeat.

***

Photo by sebastiagiralt

(Athena, the patron goddess of Athens, was said to have been born fully grown from the head of Zeus. Here Zeus sits on his throne holding his thunderbolt, as the goddess springs from his head in full armor. Hephaistos, who is usually present with the axe he used to split his father's skull, is absent, but Hermes and Apollo look on at left, and at right Ares and a goddess, possibly Aphrodite, observe the miraculous birth.)

Free LSAT Logic Games | Linear | Easy Version

UPDATE: See the explanation for this Logic Game's setup.

***

Here's the "easier version" of this Logic Game.

For those of you interested in comparing the hard and easy versions, I've listed each variable and its counterpart at the end of this blog post.

Easy version
Jandra is a travel guide writer who will visit 7 countries: Australia, Bahrain, China, Djibouti, England, Fiji, and Guatemala. She must visit each of these countries in accordance with the following restrictions:

Jandra must visit exactly two countries before her visit to China but after her visit to Bahrain.
China cannot be the last country she visits.
Jandra cannot visit Bahrain until she has visited Australia.
She cannot visit England immediately after she visits Djibouti, nor can she visit Djibouti immediately after she visits England.
Fiji must be visited either 4th or 5th.

1. Which one of the following could be the order in which Jandra visits the countries, from first to last?

(A) Australia, England, Bahrain, Guatemala, Fiji, China, Djibouti
(B) Australia, Bahrain, Guatemala, Fiji, China, Djibouti, England
(C) England, Australia, Bahrain, Fiji, China, Djibouti, Guatemala
(D) Australia, Djibouti, Bahrain, Fiji, England, China, Djibouti
(E) Djibouti, Guatemala, Australia, Bahrain, Fiji, England, China


2. If Jandra visits China fifth, each of the following could be true EXCEPT:

(A) The second country she visits is Bahrain.
(B) The third country she visits is Guatemala.
(C) The third country she visits is Djibouti.
(D) The sixth country she visits is England.
(E) The seventh country she visits is Djibouti.


3. If Jandra visits Djibouti second, but she does not visit Fiji fourth, each of the following could be true EXCEPT:

(A) She visits Guatemala immediately before she visits Fiji.
(B) She visits Guatemala immediately after she visits China.
(C) She visits Bahrain immediately before she visits Guatemala.
(D) She visits Fiji immediately before she visits Guatemala.
(E) She visits Fiji immediately after she visits England.


4. If Jandra visits Australia and Bahrain first and second on her trip, respectively, how many different orders are there in which she can visit the seven countries?

(A) one
(B) two
(C) three
(D) four
(E) five


5. If the condition that China cannot be visited last is removed, and Jandra takes advantage of the opportunity to visit China last, but all other conditions remain in effect, which one of the following could now be a complete list of countries, any one of which could be visited third?

(A) Australia, Djibouti, Guatemala
(B) Djibouti, England, Guatemala
(C) Australia, Djibouti, England, Guatemala
(D) Australia, England, Fiji, Guatemala
(E) Australia, Bahrain, England, Guatemala

***

The text below contains the answers to the above Logic Game.

1. A
2. B
3. D
4. D
5. C

***

Having trouble with this Logic Game? See a step-by-step explanation of this Logic Game's setup.

***


Easy - Difficult

Australia = Artemis
Bahrain = Apollo
China = Dionysus
Djibouti = Athena
England = Demeter
Fiji = Aphrodite
Guatemala = Ares

Photo by eschipul / CC BY-SA 2.0

Newer LSAT Reading Comp Tips And The Truth About Reading Comp

If you have limited time, reading newspapers to prepare for Reading Comp might not be the best idea.

Most newspaper articles fit one of two formats:

Hard news stories
1. Hard news stories tend to include the key details first, then zoom out to give the context

Ex. President Obama signed a bill into law yesterday to _______. The article then continues by giving other parties' reactions, then some reflections on why or why not this new law might be important and/or good.

Human interest stories
2. Human or public interest stories with more of a local spin usually start with a short anecdote, then zoom out for larger story.

Ex. "Yesterday, a giant squid attacked Joe as he relaxed in his in-ground swimming pool the other day. Sadly, this attack is only latest in a long string of giant squid attacks. No one knows how the giant squids are getting into these pools. Local law enforcement officials say they are doing everything in their power to prevent future attacks. The mayor recommends that citizens carefully check their swimming pools before entering. The evil scientist at the local marine biology research laboratory was not available for comment."

Okay, maybe a giant squid attack is more along the lines of hard news, but it just sounded like fun. You know what I mean.

People have short attention spans, so newspapers want to get most important info to readers first. This goes for The Economist, NYTimes, etc.

Newspapers generally choose one of the two models I mentioned for one main reason: they know that most people probably won't read the entire article, but they want to keep the public informed, or at the very least, give people the impression that they're learning something important.

The Truth About Reading Comp: The Passages Are Not From The "Real World."
I don't blame you for thinking they are, given LSAC's acknowledgement of "source material" in each PrepTests. You can find this acknowledgment by turning to the page after Section 4 but before the Writing Sample.

It'll say something like:

Acknowledgment is made to the following sources from which material has been adapted for use in this test booklet.

The key word there is "adapted."

LSAT Reading Comp passages are actually written by LSAC. As I've said before, they're actually structured like big Logical Reasoning stimuli.

The passages' source material is not written with the intention of confusing the reader (one passage in PrepTest 32 is even "adapted" from Cosmos by Carl Sagan, an excellent book if you ever have the chance to read it).

However, LSAC "reworks" (I'd say "remixes," but LSAC isn't that hip) the source material and paraphrases it in the most boring way possible.

Example
Take PrepTest 30, Section 3, Passage 4, associated with Questions 22-27. (It's in The Next 10 Actual, Official LSAT PrepTests.) I looked at the source material to compare it to the actual passage.

The source material was a book review from the May 8, 1994 NYTimes (titled "The Secret of the Marshes"). My finding: LSAC purposely "boring-ified" the article for the LSAT.

In fact, almost none of the article itself appears in the passage, and I had difficulty finding any direct quotes. LSAC basically took parts of the article and paraphrased them with the purpose of making them uninteresting. The same goes for the Cosmos passage I mentioned a few paragraphs ago.

The NYTimes article included things like:

Naturally, she would ask, "Do you remember anybody growing rice?"

and

Here is another discussion that I wish the author had placed in the text

You'll never see language that simple in these books:

What does this mean for you?
If you haven't read anything longer than a "tweet" or the back of a cereal box in the past few years, RC passages might be too difficult for you to start on. However, if you actually know how to read, it's probably best to stick with RC passages. With over 60 LSAT PrepTests, there's probably no need to use non-LSAT material for practice.

Photo by clotho98 / CC BY-NC 2.0

LSAT Logic in The Onion

This is the next blog post in my ongoing effort to distract you from LSAT studying by analyzing random videos (see the Arrested Development and Colbert Report posts for more.)

For the past few years, the fine folks at The Onion (wiki) have posted short, and often hilarious, 2-3 minute YouTube videos.

Fortunately, their latest video, "Obama Axes Pentagon Plan To Build Billion Dollar Tank In Shape Of Dragon" is more worthy of LSAT-style analysis than most, so I finally have an excuse to share one of their videos with you.

My student Ashley has written a detailed analysis of the logical fallacies this video contains, so I've decided to share her response with everyone on the blog.

Watch the video here or below, keep track of the logical fallacies you notice, then see how your analysis compares with Ashley's.




Ashley's analysis:

The General defending the dragon tank against budget cuts doesn’t have a terrible argument, per se – “if we are to maintain the supremacy of the U.S. military, then we need to invest in new technology” (an important assumption being: it doesn’t really matter what it costs if it’s important for our military). But it’s an argument he doesn’t give any compelling (or relevant) evidence for.

Consider the contrapositive: if we don’t invest in new technology, then we won’t maintain the supremacy of the US military. For this argument to be legit (and to relate to the argument he's actually trying to make...the necessity of the dragon tank program), he needs to makes sure he makes the case this particular multi-billion dollar tank is an absolutely essential piece of the entire U.S. military’s investments in new technology, that it is the “brink” investment, the key program, and that if we take it away, all of the other investment will be worthless and we might as well hoist the Canadian flag and rightfully accept hockey rather than baseball as the national pastime. (I am for this.) But he can’t, so instead, he tries to distract his audience with irrelevant evidence and quite a bit of flawed reasoning (see below).

A good example of this is his (fabulous) non sequitur:

General Cotti: Developing new technology is essential to maintaining American military advantage. Just last week for example, we figured out how to make the dragon’s scales glow in the dark.

Huh??

A better journalist might have pushed him on this a little harder. For example, he or she could have asked about the opportunity cost of the dragon tank, relating it perhaps to other investments that are more likely to pay off and (thus) actually benefit the U.S. military. (In other words, the dragon tank itself could be reducing the readiness of the US military by sucking away resources from good investments!)

And then, of course, there’s the possibility the existence of the dragon tank is angering our enemies (or making them nervous?) which makes them more likely to attack us, rather than less. (Ok, admittedly less plausible in this case, but think about the arguments against nuclear deterrence theory – when major powers maintain nuclear weapons, smaller countries and/or terrorists know how they can use them to get powerful countries to listen to them, which leads to the spread of nuclear weapons and instability…rather than the promised stability that comes from "mutually assured destruction").

Regarding the “limit” to out-of-control military spending, he says the Pentagon is being “reasonable” because it cut the pool and the ballroom. In this, he moves the goalpost" on what is reasonable so he can meet it…but just because you cut something doesn’t mean you are being reasonable.

He uses irrelevant analogies (karate and the atomic bomb) when addressing the question of how long it will take to develop the dragon tank.

(Steve: Although I'd like to think the dragon tank is an "achievement" worthy of being compared to karate or the atomic bomb, it's probably not nearly as useful in practice, and it's more likely to be turned against its creators. For this reason, one could argue this is a false analogy.)

He uses an emotional appeal/appeal to fear (“lives will be at risk!/soldiers will die!”) rather than justifying this particular program. Also, I don’t know how to categorize this one, except for "appeal to emotion", but there’s also some weird shit going on with the simulations (the tank shooting down what look like Muslim people and which looks like a video game, and the tank bulldozing a city that looks a lot like the Middle East...where we are fighting and losing two wars at the moment...), which is probably included to win over the portion of the American population that uses the word “Islamofacism” instead of trying to tap into our cost-benefit analyses.

(Steve: Ashley continues by identifying an example of a classic correlation vs. causation flaw and an ad hominem attack. I've included the following quote for anyone who can't watch the video or just wants to read part of it. This quote is the main reason I decided to send this to Ashley in the first place. It takes place at 1:19 in the video.)

General Cotti: We've made this mistake before. When Bill Clinton was elected, he canceled the giant invisible squid submarine project, and then the USS Cole was bombed.

News Anchor: Well, that's true, but the military has had 5 years to complete the dragon tank---

General Cotti: Was the atomic bomb, or karate, developed in 5 years? President Obama is putting lives at risk. The only explanation I can think of is that he's terrified of dragons.

And, of course, he discounts every single other possibility on the face of the planet (the recession? that he wants to spend more money on other things? that it’ll never work?) when he concludes, ad hominemishly, that Obama is against the program because he is “afraid of dragons.”

Just because things happen in succession doesn’t mean they are causally related. Just because Bill Clinton canceled the giant invisible squid submarine project, and USS Cole was bombed afterward, it doesn’t mean the bombing was because of the cancellation. Also, even assuming for argument’s sake that the two were related, just because it happened in the case of the giant invisible squid submarine doesn’t mean it’ll happen in the case of the dragon tank!

***

Steve: Have you come across an example of an LSAT-style logical fallacy in an online video or article? Email it to me, and if I think it's funny and worthy of analysis, I'll cover it on the blog!

Photo by thetruthabout / CC BY-SA 2.0

LSAT Logic Games Categorized by Type

I've categorized all Logic Games from PrepTests 19-38 (see where to get them in book recommendations).

I've organized games both by type and by PrepTest. This is useful if you want to easily find several games of similar types.

(You can also find LSAT Logic Games categorizations for LSAT PrepTests 39-51 (and June 2007) and LSAT PrepTests 52-present.)

I encourage my students to simply think about the categories in the broadest possible sense. After all, the game itself will tell you (indirectly) which subcategory it fits, so you won't have to consciously think about its specific subcategories.

Many test-takers freak out when they can't figure out what "type" of game they face on test day. This means it's best to rely on the game, rather than any classification system, to tell you what to do. This is especially true for "Hybrid" or "Combination" games.

I've divided "Grouping" games into :

Grouping: In-and-Out = some variables are chosen, others are not.
Grouping: Splitting = variables are divided into two different groups.
Grouping: Matching = variables of one type are associated with variables of another type.

I've placed an asterisk (*) next to games that are especially difficult. I've placed a plus (+) next to those that are especially easy. Of course, difficulty is subjective, so please leave comments! I'd also love to hear your thoughts on LG categorizations.

For more on Logic Games, also see 10 Hardest LSAT Logic Games and 7 Logic Games That Repeated.


Categorization of all games in PrepTests 19-38
Note: PrepTests 19-28 are in 10 More Actual, Official LSAT PrepTests, and PrepTests 29-38 are in The Next 10 Actual, Official LSAT PrepTests.

If your study materials refer to PrepTests by their month and year, rather than by PrepTest number, please see LSAT PrepTests and Dates Administered.

Logic Games by Classification:

Pure Sequencing
PrepTest 29, Game 3
PrepTest 29, Game 4
PrepTest 33, Game 1
PrepTest 38, Game 1

Basic Linear (tend to be much easier in 19-28 than in 29-38, so they all deserve a +)
PrepTest 19, Game 1
PrepTest 23, Game 1
PrepTest 24, Game 2
PrepTest 26, Game 2
PrepTest 27, Game 1
PrepTest 27, Game 4
PrepTest 28, Game 1
PrepTest 30, Game 4

PrepTest 31, Game 3
PrepTest 32, Game 3
PrepTest 34, Game 1
PrepTest 34, Game 2
PrepTest 34, Game 3
PrepTest 35, Game 4
PrepTest 37, Game 4

Advanced Linear (aka Combination of Linear and Grouping: Matching)
PrepTest 19, Game 2
PrepTest 20, Game 1
PrepTest 20, Game 4
PrepTest 21, Game 3
PrepTest 21, Game 4
PrepTest 22, Game 2
PrepTest 22, Game 3
PrepTest 24, Game 3
PrepTest 25, Game 4
PrepTest 26, Game 1
PrepTest 28, Game 3
PrepTest 30, Game 3
PrepTest 31, Game 1 +
PrepTest 32, Game 4
PrepTest 35, Game 3
PrepTest 36, Game 2
PrepTest 36, Game 3 *
PrepTest 36, Game 4 +
PrepTest 37, Game 2
PrepTest 38, Game 2
PrepTest 38, Game 4 *

Grouping: In-and-Out

PrepTest 20, Game 2
PrepTest 24, Game 4
PrepTest 30, Game 1 +
PrepTest 31, Game 2 *
PrepTest 32, Game 2
PrepTest 33, Game 2
PrepTest 33, Game 3 *
PrepTest 35, Game 1
PrepTest 36, Game 1

Grouping: Splitting
PrepTest 19, Game 3
PrepTest 24, Game 1 +
PrepTest 29, Game 1 +
PrepTest 34, Game 4 *

Grouping: Matching
PrepTest 19, Game 4
PrepTest 21, Game 1
PrepTest 22, Game 1 +
PrepTest 25, Game 2
PrepTest 26, Game 3
PrepTest 27, Game 3
PrepTest 28, Game 2
PrepTest 28, Game 4
PrepTest 33, Game 4 +
PrepTest 35, Game 2
PrepTest 37, Game 1
PrepTest 37, Game 3 *
PrepTest 38, Game 3

Pattern
PrepTest 20, Game 3
PrepTest 23, Game 4

Linear / Grouping: In-and-Out
PrepTest 30, Game 2
PrepTest 32, Game 1

Linear / Grouping: In-and-Out / Grouping: Matching
PrepTest 27, Game 2 *
PrepTest 31, Game 4 *

Grouping: Splitting / Grouping: In-and-Out
PrepTest 23, Game 2 *
PrepTest 23, Game 3
PrepTest 25, Game 1

Grouping: In-and-Out / Grouping: Matching
PrepTest 21, Game 2
PrepTest 26, Game 4 *
PrepTest 29, Game 2 *

Linear / Grouping: Splitting / Grouping: In-and-Out
PrepTest 22, Game 4

Linear / Grouping: Splitting
PrepTest 25, Game 3 *


***

Logic Games by PrepTest # and Date:

10 More Actual Official LSAT PrepTests contains PrepTests 19-28:

PrepTest 19 (June 1996 LSAT)
Game 1 - Basic Linear +
Game 2 - Advanced Linear
Game 3 - Grouping: Splitting
Game 4 - Grouping: Matching

PrepTest 20 (October 1996 LSAT)
Game 1 - Advanced Linear
Game 2 - Grouping: In-and-Out
Game 3 - Pattern
Game 4 - Advanced Linear

PrepTest 21 (December 1996 LSAT)
Game 1 - Grouping: Matching
Game 2 - Grouping: In-and-Out / Grouping: Matching
Game 3 - Advanced Linear
Game 4 - Advanced Linear

PrepTest 22 (June 1997 LSAT)
Game 1 - Grouping: Matching +
Game 2 - Advanced Linear
Game 3 - Advanced Linear
Game 4 - Linear / Grouping: Splitting / Grouping: In-and-Out

PrepTest 23 (October 1997 LSAT)
Game 1 - Basic Linear +
Game 2 - Grouping: Splitting / Grouping: In-and-Out *
Game 3 - Grouping: Splitting / Grouping: In-and-Out
Game 4 - Pattern

PrepTest 24 (December 1997 LSAT)
Game 1 - Grouping: Splitting +
Game 2 - Basic Linear +
Game 3 - Advanced Linear
Game 4 - Grouping: In-and-Out

PrepTest 25 (June 1998 LSAT)
Game 1 - Grouping: Splitting / Grouping: In-and-Out
Game 2 - Grouping: Matching
Game 3 - Linear / Grouping: Splitting *
Game 4 - Advanced Linear

PrepTest 26 (September 1998 LSAT)
Game 1 - Advanced Linear
Game 2 - Basic Linear +
Game 3 - Grouping: Matching
Game 4 - Grouping: In-and-Out / Grouping: Matching *

PrepTest 27 (December 1998 LSAT)
Game 1 - Basic Linear +
Game 2 - Linear / Grouping: In-and-Out / Grouping: Matching *
Game 3 - Grouping: Matching
Game 4 - Basic Linear +

PrepTest 28 (June 1999 LSAT)
Game 1 - Basic Linear +
Game 2 - Grouping: Matching
Game 3 - Advanced Linear
Game 4 - Grouping: Matching

***

The Next 10 Actual Official LSAT PrepTests contains PrepTests 29-38:

PrepTest 29 (October 1999 LSAT)
Game 1 - Grouping: Splitting +
Game 2 - Grouping: In-and-Out / Grouping: Matching *
Game 3 - Pure Sequencing
Game 4 - Pure Sequencing

PrepTest 30 (December 1999 LSAT)
Game 1 - Grouping: In-and-Out +
Game 2 - Linear / Grouping: In-and-Out
Game 3 - Advanced Linear
Game 4 - Basic Linear

PrepTest 31 (June 2000 LSAT)
Game 1 - Advanced Linear +
Game 2 - Grouping: In-and-Out *
Game 3 - Basic Linear
Game 4 - Linear / Grouping: In-and-Out / Grouping: Matching *

PrepTest 32 (October 2000 LSAT)
Game 1 - Linear / Grouping: In-and-Out
Game 2 - Grouping: In-and-Out
Game 3 - Basic Linear
Game 4 - Advanced Linear

PrepTest 33 (December 2000 LSAT)
Game 1 - Pure Sequencing
Game 2 - Grouping: In-and-Out
Game 3 - Grouping: In-and-Out *
Game 4 - Matching +

PrepTest 34 (June 2001 LSAT)
Game 1 - Basic Linear
Game 2 - Basic Linear
Game 3 - Basic Linear
Game 4 - Grouping: Splitting *

PrepTest 35 (October 2001 LSAT)
Game 1 - Grouping: In-and-Out
Game 2 - Grouping: Matching
Game 3 - Advanced Linear
Game 4 - Basic Linear

PrepTest 36 (December 2001 LSAT)
Game 1 - Grouping: In-and-Out
Game 2 - Advanced Linear
Game 3 - Advanced Linear *
Game 4 - Advanced Linear +

PrepTest 37 (June 2002 LSAT)
Game 1 - Grouping: Matching
Game 2 - Advanced Linear
Game 3 - Grouping: Matching *
Game 4 - Basic Linear

PrepTest 38 (October 2002 LSAT)
Game 1 - Pure Sequencing
Game 2 - Advanced Linear
Game 3 - Grouping: Matching
Game 4 - Advanced Linear *

***

Photo by pintuck

LSAT PrepTests and Dates Administered

This LSAT Blog post is an easy reference to help you determine the number of every PrepTest from the date and year it was administered, and vice-versa, as well as how to get just about every single LSAT PrepTest ever.

I recommend getting all your other LSAT PrepTests from Amazon if you want them in books.

Alternatively, you can get most exams online in the digital format as part of Official LSAT Prep Plus (inside your LSAC account).

LSAT PrepTest List:

LSAT PrepTest 93+ (in LawHub)

LSAT PrepTest 92+ (in LawHub)

LSAT PrepTest 91+ (in LawHub)

LSAT PrepTest 90+ (in LawHub)

LSAT PrepTest 89
LSAT PrepTest 88
LSAT PrepTest 87
LSAT PrepTest 86
LSAT PrepTest 85
LSAT PrepTest 84
LSAT PrepTest 83
LSAT PrepTest 82
LSAT PrepTests 72-81
LSAT PrepTests 62-71
LSAT PrepTests 52-61
LSAT PrepTests 42-51
LSAT PrepTests 29-38
LSAT PrepTests 19-28
LSAT PrepTests 7-18
LSAT SuperPrep (A, B, C)
LSAT SuperPrep 2 (62, 63, and LSAT PrepTest C2)
Official LSAT PrepTest (Feb 1997)
June 2007 LSAT

LSAC doesn't provide explanations for any of the numbered LSAT PrepTests. The PrepTests linked above are just the questions.

So, if you want to know why a particular answer choice is wrong, you need to get the explanations separately.

If you already have LSAT PrepTests and would like explanations, see:

LSAT PrepTest Explanations (by section)

-Logic Games explanations for the newest PrepTests
-Logic Games explanations for PrepTests 72-81
-Logic Games explanations for PrepTests 62-71
-Logic Games explanations for PrepTests 52-61
-Logic Games explanations for PrepTests 29-38
-Logic Games explanations for PrepTests 19-28

-Logical Reasoning explanations for the newest PrepTests
-Logical Reasoning explanations for PrepTests 72-81
-Logical Reasoning explanations for PrepTests 62-71
-Logical Reasoning explanations for PrepTests 52-61
-Logical Reasoning explanations for PrepTests 44-51
-Logical Reasoning explanations for PrepTests 29-38
-Logical Reasoning explanations for PrepTests 19-28

-Reading Comprehension explanations for the newest PrepTests
-Reading Comprehension explanations for PrepTests 72-81
-Reading Comprehension explanations for PrepTests 62-71
-Reading Comprehension explanations for PrepTests 52-61
-Reading Comprehension explanations for PrepTests 44-51
-Reading Comprehension explanations for PrepTests 29-38
-Reading Comprehension explanations for PrepTests 19-28

LSAT PrepTests and explanations alone aren't enough to ensure success on the LSAT. Make sure you also get the best LSAT prep books.

***

More info below this huge list.

LSAT PrepTest # - Month / Year - Book

LSAT PrepTest A - February 1996 LSAT - Official LSAT SuperPrep
LSAT PrepTest B - February 1999 LSAT - Official LSAT SuperPrep
LSAT PrepTest C - February 2000 LSAT - Official LSAT SuperPrep
Official LSAT PT - February 1997 LSAT - Official LSAT PrepTest w/ Explanations
LSAT PrepTest 1 - June 1991 LSAT -
LSAT PrepTest 2 - October 1991 LSAT - TriplePrep, Vol. 1, 1, 2
LSAT PrepTest 3 - December 1991 LSAT - TriplePrep, V. 2, 1, 2, 3
LSAT PrepTest 4 - February 1992 LSAT - TriplePrep, Vol. 1
LSAT PrepTest 5 - June 1992 LSAT - TriplePrep, Vol. 1
LSAT PrepTest 6 - October 1992 LSAT - TriplePrep, Vol. 2, 1, 2, 3
LSAT PrepTest 7 - February 1993 LSAT - 10 Actual / LSAT TriplePrep, Vol. 2, alts 1, 2, + 3
LSAT PrepTest 8 - June 1993 LSAT - TriplePrep, Vol. 3 
LSAT PrepTest 9 - October 1993 LSAT - 10 Actual / LSAT TriplePrep, Vol. 3
LSAT PrepTest 10 - February 1994 LSAT - 10 Actual / LSAT TriplePrep, Vol. 3
LSAT PrepTest 11 - June 1994 LSAT - 10 Actual / LSAT TriplePrep Plus with Explanations
LSAT PrepTest 12 - October 1994 LSAT - 10 Actual / LSAT TriplePrep Plus with Explanations
LSAT PrepTest 13 - December 1994 LSAT - 10 Actual, Official LSAT PrepTests
LSAT PrepTest 14 - February 1995 LSAT - 10 Actual, Official LSAT PrepTests
LSAT PrepTest 15 - June 1995 LSAT - 10 Actual Official LSAT PrepTests
LSAT PrepTest 16 - September 1995 LSAT- 10 Actual Official LSAT PrepTests
LSAT PrepTest 17 - December 1995 LSAT -
LSAT PrepTest 18 - December 1992 LSAT- 10 Actual Official LSAT PrepTests
LSAT PrepTest 19 - June 1996 LSAT - 10 More Actual, Official LSAT PrepTests
LSAT PrepTest 20 - October 1996 LSAT - 10 More Actual, Official LSAT PrepTests
LSAT PrepTest 21 - December 1996 LSAT - 10 More Actual, Official LSAT PrepTests
LSAT PrepTest 22 - June 1997 LSAT - 10 More Actual, Official LSAT PrepTests
LSAT PrepTest 23 - October 1997 LSAT - 10 More Actual, Official LSAT PrepTests
LSAT PrepTest 24 - December 1997 LSAT - 10 More Actual, Official LSAT PrepTests
LSAT PrepTest 25 - June 1998 LSAT - 10 More Actual, Official LSAT PrepTests
LSAT PrepTest 26 - September 1998 LSAT - 10 More Actual, Official LSAT PrepTests
LSAT PrepTest 27 - December 1998 LSAT - 10 More Actual, Official LSAT PrepTests
LSAT PrepTest 28 - June 1999 LSAT - 10 More Actual, Official LSAT PrepTests
LSAT PrepTest 29 - October 1999 LSAT - Next 10 Actual, Official LSAT PrepTests
LSAT PrepTest 30 - December 1999 LSAT - Next 10 Actual, Official LSAT PrepTests
LSAT PrepTest 31 - June 2000 LSAT - Next 10 Actual, Official LSAT PrepTests
LSAT PrepTest 32 - October 2000 LSAT - Next 10 Actual, Official LSAT PrepTests
LSAT PrepTest 33 - December 2000 LSAT - Next 10 Actual, Official LSAT PrepTests
LSAT PrepTest 34 - June 2001 LSAT - Next 10 Actual, Official LSAT PrepTests
LSAT PrepTest 35 - October 2001 LSAT - Next 10 Actual, Official LSAT PrepTests
LSAT PrepTest 36 - December 2001 LSAT - Next 10 Actual, Official LSAT PrepTests
LSAT PrepTest 37 - June 2002 LSAT - Next 10 Actual, Official LSAT PrepTests
LSAT PrepTest 38 - October 2002 LSAT - Next 10 Actual, Official LSAT PrepTests
LSAT PrepTest 39 - December 2002 LSAT - Individual
LSAT PrepTest 40 - June 2003 LSAT - Individual
LSAT PrepTest 41 - October 2003 LSAT - Individual
LSAT PrepTest 42 - December 2003 LSAT - Individual
LSAT PrepTest 43 - June 2004 LSAT - Individual
LSAT PrepTest 44 - October 2004 LSAT - Individual
LSAT PrepTest 45 - December 2004 LSAT - Individual
LSAT PrepTest 46 - June 2005 LSAT - Individual
LSAT PrepTest 47 - October 2005 LSAT - Individual
LSAT PrepTest 48 - December 2005 LSAT - Individual
LSAT PrepTest 49 - June 2006 LSAT - Individual
LSAT PrepTest 50 - September 2006 LSAT - Individual
LSAT PrepTest 51 - December 2006 LSAT - Individual 
"LSAT PrepTest 51.5" - June 2007 LSAT - Free LSAT on LawHub
LSAT PrepTest 52 - September 2007 LSAT - Individual
LSAT PrepTest 53 - December 2007 LSAT - Individual
LSAT PrepTest 54 - June 2008 LSAT - Individual
LSAT PrepTest 55 - October 2008 LSAT - Individual
LSAT PrepTest 56 - December 2008 LSAT - Individual
LSAT PrepTest 57 - June 2009 LSAT - Individual
LSAT PrepTest 58 - September 2009 LSAT - Individual
LSAT PrepTest 59 - December 2009 LSAT - Individual
LSAT PrepTest 60 - June 2010 LSAT - Individual
LSAT PrepTest 61 - October 2010 LSAT - Individual
LSAT PrepTest 62 - December 2010 LSAT - Individual
LSAT PrepTest 63 - June 2011 LSAT - Individual
LSAT PrepTest 64 - October 2011 LSAT - Individual
LSAT PrepTest 65 - December 2011 LSAT - Individual
LSAT PrepTest 66 - June 2012 LSAT - Individual
LSAT PrepTest 67 - October 2012 LSAT - Individual
LSAT PrepTest 68 - December 2012 LSAT - Individual
LSAT PrepTest 69 - June 2013 LSAT - Individual
LSAT PrepTest 70 - October 2013 LSAT - Individual
LSAT PrepTest 71 - December 2013 LSAT - Individual

LSAT PrepTest 72 - June 2014 LSAT - Individual
LSAT PrepTest 73 - September 2014 LSAT - Individual
LSAT PrepTest 74 - December 2014 LSAT - Individual
LSAT PrepTest 75 - June 2015 LSAT - Individual

LSAT PrepTest 76 - October 2015 LSAT - Individual

LSAT PrepTest 77 - December 2015 LSAT - Individual
LSAT PrepTest C2 - January 2016 LSAT - SuperPrep 2
LSAT PrepTest 78 - June 2016 LSAT - Individual

LSAT PrepTest 79 - September 2016 LSAT - Individual
LSAT PrepTest 80 - December 2016 LSAT - Individual
LSAT PrepTest 81 - June 2017 LSAT - Individual
LSAT PrepTest 82 - September 2017 LSAT - Individual
LSAT PrepTest 83 - December 2017 LSAT - Individual
LSAT PrepTest 84 - June 2018 LSAT - Individual
LSAT PrepTest 85 - September 2018 LSAT - Individual
LSAT PrepTest 86 - November 2018 LSAT - Individual
LSAT PrepTest 87 - June 2019 LSAT - Individual
LSAT PrepTest 88 - September 2019 LSAT - Individual
LSAT PrepTest 89 - November 2019 LSAT - Individual
LSAT PrepTest 90+ - May 2020 LSAT - LawHub

LSAT PrepTest 91+ - May 2020 LSAT - LawHub

LSAT PrepTest 92+ - June 2020 LSAT - LawHub

LSAT PrepTest 93+ - June 2020 LSAT - LawHub

(There are multiple test forms for each online LSAT administration, which is why both PT90+ and 91+ are from May 2020 and both PT92+ and PT93+ are from June 2020.)

Among other things, the below contains some details on the various books containing older LSAT PrepTests.

Here's a summarized list of all available LSAT PrepTests:

Numbered PrepTests 1-present

Some of the older PrepTests can be difficult to find, but you can get them in the books below.

Official LSAT TriplePrep, Volume 1 (out-of-print, available used) contains PrepTests 2 (October 1991), 4 (February 1992), and 5 (June 1992). Also try this and this to get it on Amazon.

Official LSAT TriplePrep, Volume 2 (out-of-print, available used) contains PrepTests 3 (December 1991), 6 (October 1992), and 7 (February 1993). Also try this, this, and this to get it on Amazon.

Official LSAT TriplePrep, Vol.3 (out-of-print, available used) contains PrepTests 8, 9, and 10.

Grouped by Game Type contains every Logic Game in PrepTests 1-20.

Grouped by Question Type contains every Logical Reasoning question in PrepTests 1-20.

Grouped by Passage Type contains every Reading Comprehension Passage in PrepTests 1-20

Lettered PrepTests

The Official LSAT SuperPrep (PrepTests A, B, and C) = 3
This book contains the previously-undisclosed February 1996, February 1999, and February 2000 exams. It explains all answer choices.

The Official LSAT SuperPrep 2 (PrepTests 62, 63, and C2) = 1
This book contains PrepTest 62, PrepTest 63, and PrepTest C2. It explains all answer choices.


Unnumbered and Unlettered PrepTests

Free Sample June 2007 PrepTest = 1

Official LSAT PrepTest With Explanations (out of print - available used) = 1
Fun LSAT trivia: This is the stolen February 1997 LSAT exam with complete explanations written by LSAC.

May 2020 LSAT-Flex Sample PrepTest  = 1


Free LSAT PrepTests

Free Sample June 2007 PrepTest = 1

Digital LSAT PrepTest 71 (in LawHub, aka LSAC's Official LSAT Prep) = 1

Digital LSAT PrepTest 73 (in LawHub, aka LSAC's Official LSAT Prep) = 1

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