Dinosaur LSAT Logic Game Explanation

I would categorize this game as a combination of Selection (In-Out) and Matching (Tiered).

Basically, we're selecting some variables but not others, and we're associating variables of different types with each other. There's no sequencing or linear aspect to this game.

Also see: Explanations for Recent LSAT Logic Games

Due to copyright restrictions, I'm forced to leave out the text of the game. You'll need a copy of LSAT PrepTest 57 (the June 2009 LSAT) in order to follow along.

Setup and Main Diagram
We're picking 5 out of 7 dinosaurs. Each dinosaur is one of 4 colors.

7 Dinosaurs: Iguanadon, Lambeosaur, Plateosaur, Stegosaur, Tyrannosaur, Ultrasaur, Velociraptor

4 Colors: Green, Mauve, Red, Yellow


_ _ _ _ _ GMRY (colors)
_ _ _ _ _ ILPSTUV (dinos)

We have definitely have 2 mauves (I didn't know it was a color either).

We also definitely have RS (red stegosaurus - with R above S as a vertical block).

so we can put down:


MMR_ _ = GMRY
_ _ S_ _ = ILPSTUV

Next: I only if G. "Only if" introduces the necessary condition, so we can say "if I -> GI." Because we only care about I's color if it's selected, we can say GI and put it on the side (G above I as a vertical "block")

Same goes for if P -> YP (Y above P as a vertical "block")

V only if U is not = If V-> not U (or U)

Contrapositive: If U -> not V (or V)

This means U and V are never together = V <--/--> U (V double-not arrow U).

If L and U -> ML doesn't happen (ML) or MU doesn't happen (MU). (Again, these should be vertical with M above L and M above U, respectively).

What we have so far should look something like the following picture:





Inferences and Limited Options / Templates / Possibilities:
Let's take the knowledge that S has to be R, I has to be G, and P has to be Y (if they go, that is).

Indirectly, this is telling us that out of the 7 dinosaurs (ILPSTUV), only L, T, U, and V could ever be M.

However, we know we'll never have both U and V being M. This is because we can never have them both "in" (see the double-not arrow above).

Additionally, we can't have both L and U being M.

The possible combinations of Mauve dinosaurs are, as a result, pretty limited:

LT
LV
TU
TV

We can draw 4 templates using this information. However, we really only need 3, because TU and TV are virtually the same thing. T isn't involved in any other rules, so when T is Mauve and we have one of U/V, U and V are interchangeable - one is in, but the other is out.

This means we can represent the Mauve pairings as really being only possible 3 combinations:

L T
L V
T U/V

Placed on the diagram...

with LT as the Mauve pair:



with LV as the Mauve pair:



with T and one of U/V as the Mauve pair:



This pretty much breaks the game wide open. In each of these templates, the dinosaurs that can be in the remaining two spots are pretty limited.

Below, I've placed the pool of 3 "maybes" in parentheses. Each valid scenario would include any 2 out of those 3.

Template #1:

The "LT Mauve pair" template:



Template #2:

The "LV Mauve pair" template:



Template #3:

The "T and one of U/V Mauve pair" template:


These templates address the V <--/--> U rule and the "LU can't both be Mauve" rule. All we need to keep in mind now when using the templates is that if I is chosen, it will be G, and if P is chosen, it will be Y.


Question 12
Typical question asking which one could be a valid scenario. However, it refers only to dinosaurs and doesn't concern colors, so the templates aren't a huge help here.

Just pick one rule at a time and apply it to the choices.

We always need to have S, so we can eliminate D.
We can't ever have both V and U, so A and E are out.

Choice C lists ILPSU. The problem with this choice is that I, P, and S already have colors associated with them (G, Y, and R, respectively). This would force L and U to both have mauve, which can't happen according to our rules. For this reason, C is out, and B is our answer.


Question 13
If T is out, then we're definitely not going to use the LT or T U/V templates.

We're going to use the LV template, and we're not going to pick T from the parentheses, giving us:





Because the diagram is fully determined, all you have to do now is scan the choices to see which does not appear. Whatever doesn't appear will be your answer. In this case, it's D.


Question 14
Sadly, question 13's diagram doesn't help at all because it doesn't contain GL or YT.

Go back to the templates. GL could never occur in the first 2 templates because L is always M in those templates. However, we could have GL in the third template. In that template, T has to be M, so A works.


Question 15
In the 1st and 3rd templates, T has to be M. However, in the 2nd, it could be Y, so we must be dealing with the 2nd template.

We've never had YT before, so it's time to draw a new diagram:

MMRY_
L V ST_

This leaves GI or YP.

The diagram should look something like the following:


We don't know whether we'll have GI or YP on the 5th pair of slots, but it doesn't matter. MV has to happen, so choice E is the answer.

Question 16
We've never had both I and U before, so we'll need a new diagram.

We don't know whether we're dealing the 1st template or the 3rd, but we know that we're definitely not dealing with the 2nd.

Even without drawing them out specifically to include I and U, we can see that both templates have MT because Templates 1 and 3 are LT and T U/V, respectively. They both include an MT. Making A our answer.

However, for those of you who want to see what I and U being "in" looks like, here it is:

In Template 1, including both I and U would give us:


We still wouldn't know what U is. It could be anything but M. Depending on your preference, you could leave U's color blank, as I did above, or you could do G/R/Y to indicate what color could be.

In Template 3, including both I and U would give us


There obviously isn't room to have both P and L, so we'll have one or the other. If we have P, it'll be Y, but if we have L, we don't know what color it'll specifically be. Again, depending on your preference, you could put G/R/Y to the right of the big slash and box it with L, or you could just leave it empty as I did above.

It doesn't really matter anyway, though, because the question is asking us what must be true across both templates. Both have MT.

Question 17
If we have 2 Gs, what could be true? Well, the bad news is that we could be dealing with any of the 3 templates.

The good news, though, is that we're definitely not going to have P, so each of the three templates is either fully determined or almost fully determined.

Template #1:




Template #2:




Template #3:




In Template #2, it's possible to have a green tyrannosaurus, so B is our answer.

***

Is this a tough game? Absolutely. But is it doable? Yes.

It's not an 8-minute 45-second game for most people. However, the other games in the section (the first one, in particular) are easier in order to balance things out.

Seeing this game explained should ensure Jurassic Park won't give you any more nightmares.

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How Logic Games Have Changed Over Time

This post includes some brief thoughts on ways Logic Games have changed over the years and what this means for your preparation.

Broad changes in Logic Games over time
Older Logic Games such as those in The Next 10 Actual, Official LSAT PrepTests are more likely to contain major inferences. Once you make these inferences, you've split open the game like a coconut. (The oldest games - the ones in the original book of 10 tend to be a bit weirder, but I won't get into that right now.)

Newer games (the ones in the individual LSAT PrepTests numbered in the 50s) more often require you to make these inferences throughout the game based on the limitations of each "if" question. This means the inferences apply to fewer scenarios.


How to Become a Logic Games Jedi
The key is adaptability.

Newer games are noticeably different than older ones, but this doesn't mean you should skip the older ones. Expose yourself to as many games as possible because LSAC will occasionally include a game on a new PrepTest that's similar to one from an older PrepTest. It's also important to note Logic Games repeat (in disguise).

Some students memorize "tricks" and think in terms of rigid categories. They tend to freeze when they see a game they're unable to categorize.

Other students familiarize themselves with the different types of games and diagramming strategies, but they recognize these strategies don't include every possible type of game. The flexibility these students possess allows them to adjust to new or unusual types of games.


A few words on the Logic Games Bible
I recommend the Logic Games Bible (review) because it's the best book out there for Logic Games. Most people who use it benefit from its techniques. However, this doesn't mean it's perfect. As my students know, I have many differences of opinion with the Logic Games Bible (LGB) - some major, others minor.

Taking the LGB as gospel would make you a Logic Games fundamentalist. The LGB won't have to take the LSAT in future months - you will. Feel free to modify its techniques according to what works best for you. (Example: I diagram Pure Sequencing Logic Games differently.)

Sadly, there's no section in the LGB that's analogous to Revelations, which means it doesn't offer a roadmap or blueprint for what future Logic Games will look like. It only gives you a limited set of tools - it's your job to be creative when you apply those tools to new and unfamiliar situations.

Also, keep in mind: the LSAT isn't actually meant to be learnable. (I know, I know, what was LSAC thinking, right? Of course it's learnable.)

The LSAT has to test the skills it's intended to test. This means LSAC must separate those who naturally have "LSAT skills" from those who try to "game" the Logic Games. In order to effectively distinguish between these groups, the LSAT constantly throws twists into the Logic Games to confuse anyone who didn't spend their summers at math camp.

In this arms race between you (the test-takers) and LSAC, you'll need to adapt and adjust to what LSAC's been throwing your way in the past few years.

The good news is that with over 60 PrepTests, you have the potential to be better-prepared than any test-takers before you.

Photo by evaekblad

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LSAT Logic | Sufficient vs Necessary Conditions

We deal with "if-then" statements all the time in everyday life. "If I have another drink or two, I won't be able to drive safely." "If I get a higher LSAT score, I'll be competitive at better law schools."

The LSAT Logical Reasoning section requires us to think about these statements a little more formally than we're used to. (If we want to do well on the LSAT's Logical Reasoning section, we'll have to think about these statements more formally.)

This blog post will explain "sufficient" and "necessary" and describe them with a few examples.

The "sufficient" condition is often introduced by words such as "if," "when," and "whenever."

Something that's sufficient is enough to get the job done. However, without more info, we can't assume that it's a requirement (necessary).

It might help to think of the sufficient condition as "activating" the necessary condition.


The "necessary" condition is often introduced by words such as "then," "must," and "required."

Something that's necessary has to happen in order for the "sufficient condition" to occur.

However, without more info, we can't assume that it's the only thing that has to happen in order to know that the sufficient condition also happened (or will happen).


Here are a few examples of the sufficient and necessary conditions in action:

Limos
"If I take a limo (to my next free LSAT Logic Games workshop, for example), I'll get where I want to go."

A limo would be sufficient to get me wherever I want to go. In fact, I would've felt pretty baller if I'd been able to take a limo every day.

However, I don't need fancy forms of transportation. There are other ways to get to where I need to go - I could walk, run, bike, or take the subway, bus, or a taxi.

(In fact, I'd prefer a helicopter or rocket ship over a limo if I had my pick.)


Un-friending on Facebook
"If we break up, I'll un-friend him/her on Facebook."

Breaking up might be sufficient to un-friend a significant other, but breaking up isn't required (necessary) to un-friend him/her.

You might un-friend him/her in the middle of a fight without actually breaking up.


Becoming President
"If you have a reasonable chance of becoming President of the United States, then you must be affiliated with one of the two major political parties."

However, as Hillary Clinton and John McCain would tell you, being affiliated with the Democrats or Republicans is not enough to become President. You also need to win your party's nomination and, eventually, the Electoral College.

***
For more Logical Reasoning fun, check out Conditional Reasoning: Contrapositive, Mistaken Reversal, Mistaken Negation and Formal vs. Informal Logic in LSAT Logical Reasoning.

Photo by muckster / CC BY-NC-SA 2.0

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LSAT Logic in Arrested Development

Arrested Development is probably my favorite TV show ever, so I've been looking for an excuse to mention it here for a while. Luckily, one of my favorite episodes ("Pier Pressure" in Season 1) contains LSAT-style logical fallacies worth mentioning on LSAT Blog.

George Michael (the dorky kid on the show, not the singer-songwriter) believes doing well in math is necessary for success. He also thinks failing math is sufficient to destroy his chances at success. (Learn about necessary and sufficient on Wikipedia and in this week's blog post on necessary and sufficient conditions.)

You can watch this clip in the video below, in this link, or you can just read the quote. You'll probably enjoy it even more if you watch the whole 20-minute episode, but watching it isn't necessary to understand the LSAT-related part.

The quote starts at 5:37 in the video. George Michael (a classic burnout case) is doing his homework when his dad walks in...

George Michael (Michael Cera): [Arguing with his math book] Dumb, dumb George Michael, dumb...

Michael Bluth (Jason Bateman): Hey, calm down there, you two; it's just a math problem.

George Michael: Yeah, but if I fail math then there goes my chances to get a good job and have a happy life full of hard work, like you always say, right Dad?

So what's wrong with George Michael's statement?

Necessary and sufficient
George Michael assumes failing math is sufficient to end his chances of getting "a good job and...happy life full of hard work." There might be ways for him to get that "good job and happy life full of hard work" even if he fails math.

Another way to say this is: George Michael believes not failing math is necessary to get those things. We only need one example of someone who got those things after failing math to disprove the principle underlying his argument.

Appeal to authority
George Michael makes his argument simply by appealing to his father's authority. Citing an authority doesn't count as sufficient evidence for any argument.


***
Believe it or not, even after searching through a comprehensive list of Arrested Development quotes, I was unable to find any examples of actual logical fallacies made by "Gob" (played by Will Arnett).

Arrested Development fans, please post examples of logical fallacies from any character in the comments.

Continue Reading...»

LSAT Prep Courses vs. Private Tutoring

Blog readers frequently ask me, "Should I take an LSAT prep course or get a private tutor?"

The LSAT Blog Manifesto already lays out several areas where big prep companies are lacking, so it's no secret that I'm not a fan of prep courses.

Since I'm an independent LSAT tutor, it's no surprise I recommend private tutoring over prep courses. However, I have several reasons for this opinion.

Individualized help is more effective
Self-study combined with private tutoring is more effective. If you need extra help, you'll learn best with individualized tutoring and attention.

A private tutor can focus on your personal needs and create a schedule based on exactly what you need to cover. A private tutor can explain things for you without having to balance your needs with those of other students.


Prep classes cater to two main groups:
1. Students who lack the motivation and discipline to self-prep. However, while an LSAT class may force you to do some work in class, it won't make you do the homework. See more on this in LSAT FAQ.

2. Students who struggle with the basics. This group would benefit from the LSAT books I recommend.

Unfortunately, prep course instructors can't give individualized attention or flexibility to those who need it most. If you fall behind and don't do the homework, or if you can't go to class one week, you lose out. Even if you attend a make-up class, it may be taught by an instructor you dislike. Many prep courses don't have the most stringent hiring standards, either.

Even if you attend every class, you may not experience the consistent instruction that you need. Test prep companies experience a high instructor turnover rate due to low pay and the part-time nature of the job.


Which instructor would you prefer:
1. A college kid tutoring for a prep company on the side for $25-$50/hour (maximum) who might not have even taken an LSAC-administered LSAT. There's a correlation between pay, experience, and quality of instruction.

2. A seasoned professional who loves the LSAT, and has what some might call an unhealthy obsession it? In case you haven't guessed, I devote more time to the blog and to tutoring than I should.

As a full-time professional LSAT tutor, blogger, and email-answerer, I spend several hours each day thinking about the LSAT. I'm familiar with the techniques taught by the major test prep companies. I've also developed several of my own approaches that are more effective than anything you'll find elsewhere.


Several approaches
I'm not limited to showing you one particular approach. Prep course instructors are. Even if they knew other techniques, they wouldn't be allowed to teach them.

If companies let instructors admit their techniques didn't work for everyone, they'd hurt their company's brand. On the other hand, I have the freedom to show you a variety of techniques and approaches to the LSAT until we find the one that works for you.


In-person and distance tutoring available
I know many of you aren't in NYC. However, distance tutoring is much easier than you'd think. We'll be on the phone the entire time, and we can supplement our lessons with instant-messaging and/or an online whiteboard.

Please feel free to email me, and I'll be happy to send you more info.

Photo by mofle

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Free LSAT Diagnostic Tests | The Shocking Truth

Many prep companies offer free proctored LSAT diagnostic tests. At first, this seems like a good idea. You take a free LSAT PrepTest under test-like conditions, and your test score lets you know where you stand before doing any prep.

In exchange, prep companies get all your contact info and the opportunity to market their prep courses to you at the end of the exam (and via email and phone, unless you give them a fake email address and phone number).

So what's my problem with free LSAT diagnostics? After all, sitting through a sales pitch in exchange for free stuff is a time-honored tradition.

However, free LSAT diagnostics aren't as useful as they might sound. Most people take them before doing any studying at all. As I wrote in the LSAT Blog Manifesto, diagnostic results are misleading. Everyone improves with some exposure to the exam, whether it's through self-studying, tutoring, or a prep course.

Because most people don't use LSAT-style thinking in everyday life, seeing the LSAT for the first time at the diagnostic is like taking a diagnostic in a language you've never spoken. The diagnostic doesn't even close to measuring your ability - it just demonstrates what you already know -- that you haven't learned the language yet.

Suppose you wanted to learn French, but you only knew a few random words of French. Would you take a diagnostic to see where you needed to focus? Of course not. With virtually no knowledge of the language, there wouldn't be any point - the results would be meaningless.

Same goes for the LSAT. Although the LSAT isn't actually a foreign language, it can seem like one the first time around. "Logic Made Easy" (interview) demonstrates several ways we're less logical in everyday life than you might think.

Logic is learnable, but it requires practice.

Taking a timed LSAT diagnostic before learning any strategies is like being sent off to war without any training, supplies, or body armor. Sure, it's a wake-up call, but is it really necessary?

After discussing these diagnostics with many of you, it sounds like you find it frustrating to sit through a full exam before learning any strategies - with no systematic approach to Logical Reasoning, no idea of how to attack Reading Comprehension passages, no diagramming techniques for Logic Games...

Not only can it be discouraging, but it actually wastes a recent exam you could've used to gauge your ability after learning the strategies. Being able to take that exam later in your prep would've actually yielded meaningful results.

So what should you do about the free LSAT diagnostics offered by the major companies? If you don't mind the sales pitch, take one at the end of your prep, and use the experience to simulate test-like conditions. You can even bring your own PrepTest if you don't want to use theirs.

***
What do you think? Are LSAT diagnostics taken at the beginning of your prep worthwhile, or are they a waste?

Leave your thoughts in the comments section!

Photo by jfer / CC BY-NC-ND 2.0

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3-Month LSAT Study Schedule

Also see the 3-Month LSAT Study Schedule: Premium Day-By-Day Version.

3 months is just enough time to prepare for the LSAT if you stick with this schedule. If work/school/life obligations make this schedule too difficult to follow, you're probably best off taking the LSAT at a later date.

I've reviewed all books and PrepTests below in my LSAT prep book recommendations post. You can order recent individual LSAT PrepTests as PDFs.

Month 1:

Study my relevant blog posts on Logic Games and complete this list of Logic Games from PrepTests 29-38 ordered by difficulty during the first 3 weeks. Before beginning the relevant game type, also complete the appropriate Logic Games Bible chapter on that game type.

Week 1: Complete Pure Sequencing, Basic Linear, and Advanced Linear games. Review each game that gives you trouble.

Week 2: Complete Grouping: In-Out / Selection, Grouping: Splitting, and Grouping: Matching games. Review each game that gives you trouble.

Week 3: Complete Combination games. Review each game that gives you trouble. Also read the Games Bible's chapter on Advanced Features and Techniques. Then complete any Logic Games in PrepTests 19-28 of the types that give you difficulty. Complete a few sections of Logic Games under timed conditions, and read A Rulebook For Arguments.

Week 4: Study my blog posts on Logical Reasoning and relevant chapters of the Logical Reasoning Bible before completing LSAT questions of each type in PrepTests 29-38 using the LSAT Logical Reasoning spreadsheet (untimed). Begin with question-types covered in Chapters 1-6 of the LRB. Complete a few timed sections of Logic Games.


Month 2:
Week 5: Continue work from Week 4 with question-types covered in Chapters 7-12 and complete a few timed sections of Logic Games.

Week 6: Continue work from previous week with question-types covered in Chapters 13-19 and complete a few timed sections of Logic Games and Logical Reasoning.

Week 7: Read my blog posts on Reading Comprehension and complete several sections of Reading Comp from PrepTests 29-38 (untimed). Complete a few timed sections of Logic Games, Logical Reasoning, and Reading Comprehension.

Week 8: Complete the 3 tests in LSAC's SuperPrep (timed) and review the explanations. Although the explanations are technical, it's good to learn how the test-makers think. Alternatively, complete PrepTests 45, 46, and 47 under timed conditions.


Month 3:
Week 9: Complete PrepTests 49, 50, and 51 (timed) and splice in sections from PrepTest 48 to simulate experimental sections. Review each exam on alternating days.

For the remaining weeks, study each of these Logic Games Explanations after completing the relevant exam.

Week 10: Complete PrepTests 52, 53, and 54. Splice in sections from the June 2007 exam (PDF) to simulate experimental sections. Review each exam on alternating days.

Week 11: Complete PrepTests 56, 57, and 58. Splice in sections from PrepTest 55 to simulate experimental sections. Consider using one section to create a 6-section exam for extra practice. Review each exam on alternating days.

Week 12: Complete PrepTests 60, 61, and 62 (timed). Use 59 to simulate experimental sections. (Again, consider using one section to create a 6-section exam). More thoughts on how to simulate the experimental section in this LSAT Blog post.

Finally, rock the LSAT on Test Day.

***

Also check out my other sample LSAT study schedules and plans.

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LSAT Logical Reasoning Spreadsheet

Use this LSAT Logical Reasoning Spreadsheet (alternate link) submitted by A.J. (thank you!) to find more questions of the types that give you the most trouble.

You can sort questions by type by clicking on the gray rectangle under the letter at the top of each column (thanks to J.B., who also added a section at the top to help you track your progress).

Also check out this incredibly-detailed and useful progress-tracking spreadsheet submitted by Michael B. (thank you!). If you can't handle that much spreadsheet in your LSAT prep, you can use this simpler Logical Reasoning Spreadsheet (alt link) submitted by H.S. (thank you!) to track your progress.

***
There's also a much shorter (3-page) PDF version of A.J's Logical Reasoning Spreadsheet (alt link, 5-part picture version: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5). In this version, "SP" stands for SuperPrep. "1st#.2nd#" in the "Test" column refers to PrepTest # and Section #. For example, "17.2" in the "Test" column means PrepTest 17, Section 2.

You may want to print the 3-page version and leave it in your book of PrepTests so you'll have it wherever you go.

***
Each version of the LR spreadsheet has a key that explains all the symbols. The 3-page (short) version has a key at the bottom-left corner of the 3rd page. The longer version has a key at the very end.

The questions marked with a "plus" are "sufficient assumption" (aka Justify) questions.

***

UPDATE: As an alternative to using a spreadsheet, blog reader Daniel R. has generously agreed to share his Logical Reasoning categorization with LSAT Blog readers.

It covers PrepTests 7, 9-16, 18, 19-28, 29-38, and 39-59. The numbers in parentheses are the page numbers in each book/PrepTest where you'll find each question.

This list is long.


Daniel R.'s Logical Reasoning List

FLAW IN THE REASONING

1. PT 7, S1, #10 (18)

2. PT 7, S1, #17 (20)

3. PT 7, S4, #3 (37) (false binarism)

4. PT 7, S4, #9 (38) (straw man)

5. PT 7, S4, #11 (39)

6. PT 7, S4, #22 (42)

7. PT 9, S2, #2 (58) (correlation/causation)

8. PT 9, S2, #5 (59)

9. PT 9, S2, #14 (62)

10. PT 9, S2, #22 (64)

11. PT 9, S4, #1 (70)

12. PT 9, S4, #5 (71)

13. PT 9, S4, #14 (73)

14. PT 10, S1, #5 (85)

15. PT 10, S1, #8 (85)

16. PT 10, S1, #10 (86) (ambiguity)

17. PT 10, S1, #13 (87)

18. PT 10, S1, #17 (88)

19. PT 10, S1, #21 (89)

20. PT 10, S4, #14 (108)

21. PT 10, S4, #19 (110)

22. PT 10, S4, #21 (110)

23. PT 11, S2, #9 (124) (necessary/sufficient)

24. PT 11, S2, #15 (125)

25. PT 11, S2, #26 (129)

26. PT 11, S4, #3 (138)

27. PT 11, S4, #9 (140)

28. PT 11, S4, #17 (143)

29. PT 11, S4, #19 (143)

30. PT 11, S4, #23 (145)

31. PT 12, S1, #14 (155) (numbers/percentages)

32. PT 12, S1, #18 (157)

33. PT 12, S1, #20 (157) (appeal to authority)

34. PT 12, S1, #24 (159) (internal contradiction)

35. PT 12, S4, #5 (173)

36. PT 12, S4, #7 (174) (correlation/causation)

37. PT 12, S4, #15 (176)

38. PT 12, S4, #17 (177)

38. PT 12, S4, #19 (178)

39. PT 13, S2, #7 (191)

40. PT 13, S2, #20 (195)

41. PT 13, S2, #24 (197) (numbers/percentages)

42. PT 13, S2, #26 (197) (necessary/sufficient)

43. PT 13, S4, #9 (208)

44. PT 13, S4, #16 (210)

45. PT 13, S4, #20 (212)

46. PT 14, S2, #4 (225) (cumulativeness)

47. PT 14, S2, #10 (227)

48. PT 14, S2, #22 (230)

49. PT 14, S4, #9 (243)

50. PT 14, S4, #10 (243)

51. PT 14, S4, #15 (244) (source)

52. PT 14, S4, #18 (245) (numbers/percentages)

53. PT 14, S4, #20 (246)

54. PT 15, S2, #2 (262) (ad hominem)

55. PT 15, S2, #17 (267) (appeal to opinion)

56. PT 15, S2, #19 (267)

57. PT 15, S2, #20 (268) (circular reasoning)

58. PT 15, S3, #2 (270)

59. PT 15, S3, #9 (272) (correlation/causation)

60. PT 15, S3, #14 (273) (irrelevant evidence)

61. PT 15, S3, #19 (275)

62. PT 16, S2, #10 (294)

63. PT 16, S2, #22 (298)

64. PT 16, S2, #24 (299)

65. PT 16, S3, #2 (300)

66. PT 16, S3, #9 (302)

67. PT 16, S3, #11 (302) (unrepresentative sample)

68. PT 16, S3, #24 (307) (numbers/percentages)

69. PT 16, S3, #26 (307)

70. PT 18, S2, #4 (327) (irrelevant evidence)

71. PT 18, S2, #8 (328)

72. PT 18, S4, #9 (344) (correlation/causation)

73. PT 18, S4, #11 (345) (irrelevant evidence)

74. PT 18, S4, #17 (346) (irrelevant evidence)

75. PT 18, S4, #25 (349)

76. PT 19, S2, #1 (20) (ambiguity)

77. PT 19, S2, #7 (21) (numbers/percentages)

78. PT 19, S2, #14 (24) (ad hominem)

79. PT 19, S2, #23 (27) (circular reasoning)

80. PT 19, S4, #1 (36)

81. PT 19, S4, #3 (36)

82. PT 19, S4, #6 (37) (correlation/causation)

83. PT 20, S1, #10 (52)

84. PT 20, S1, #14 (53)

85. PT 20, S1, #15 (54)

86. PT 20, S1, #22 (56) (internal contradiction)

87. PT 20, S4, #2 (70)

88. PT 20, S4, #14 (73) (correlation/causation)

89. PT 20, S4, #18 (75)

90. PT 20, S4, #22 (76)

91. PT 21, S2, #5 (89)

92. PT 21, S2, #22 (95)

93. PT 21, S2, #25 (95) (appeal to authority)

94. PT 21, S3, #5 (97)

95. PT 21, S3, #19 (101) (numbers/percentages)

96. PT 22, S2, #6 (127) (assumption)

97. PT 22, S2, #7 (127)

98. PT 22, S2, #10 (128)

99. PT 22, S2, #12 (129) (ambiguity)

100. PT 22, S2, #20 (131)

101. PT 22, S2, #24 (133) (ambiguity)

102. PT 22, S2, #25 (133) (numbers/percentages) (necessary/sufficient)

103. PT 22, S4, #1 (138) (overgeneralization)

104. PT 22, S4, #9 (140)

105. PT 22, S4, #18 (142) (ambiguity)

106. PT 22, S4, #21 (144) (necessary/sufficient)

107. PT 23, S2, #4 (157) (non sequitur)

108. PT 23, S2, #19 (160) (necessary/sufficient)

119. PT 23, S2, #21 (161)

110. PT 23, S3, #7 (165) (cumulativeness)

111. PT 23, S3, #16 (168) (numbers/percentages)

112. PT 23, S3, #17 (168) (necessary/sufficient)

113. PT 23, S3, #22 (169)

114. PT 24. S2, #1 (194)

115. PT 24, S2, #6 (195)

116. PT 24, S2, #8 (196) (circular reasoning)

117. PT 24, S2, #23 (201) (necessary/sufficient)

118. PT 24, S3, #2 (202) (false analogy)

119. PT 24, S3, #4 (203)

120. PT 24, S3, #12 (205)

121. PT 24, S3, #25 (209)

122. PT 25, S2, #9 (231)

123. PT 25, S2, #18 (234) (false binarism)

124. PT 25, S2, #20 (234)

125. PT 25, S4, #4 (241) (ad hominem)

126. PT 25, S4, #8 (242) (necessary/sufficient)

127. PT 25, S4, #17 (245) (ambiguity)
128. PT 25, S4, #23 (246) (necessary/sufficient)

129. PT 26, S2, #1 (258) (appeal to pity)

130. PT 26, S2, #4 (258) (appeal to opinion)

131. PT 26, S2, #15 (262)

132. PT 26, S2, #17 (262) (LEAST)

133. PT 26, S2, #21 (264)

134. PT 26, S3, #5 (267) (numbers/percentages)

135. PT 26, S3, #8 (268)

136. PT 26, S3, #10 (268)

137. PT 26, S3, #17 (271) (necessary/sufficient)

138. PT 26, S3, #19 (271) (numbers/percentages)

139. PT 27, S1, #2 (288) (numbers/percentages)

140. PT 27, S1, #23 (294) (numbers/percentages)

141. PT 27, S4, #7 (310) (necessary/sufficient)

142. PT 27, S4, #10 (310) (necessary/sufficient)

143. PT 27, S4, #25 (315)

144. PT 28, S1, #9 (324) (appeal to opinion)

145. PT 28, S1, #19 (327)

146. PT 28, S3, #2 (334) (overgeneralization)

147. PT 28, S3, #5 (335)

148. PT 29, S1, #7 (17)

149. PT 29, S1, #14 (20)

150. PT 29, S1, #17 (20)

151. PT 29, S4, #14 (39)

152. PT 29, S4, #18 (41)

153. PT 29, S4, #25 (43)

154. PT 30, S2, #2 (54)

155. PT 30, S2, #13 (57) (numbers/percentages)

156. PT 30, S2, #17 (59) (numbers/percentages)

157. PT 30, S2, #25 (61) (correlation/causation)

158. PT 30, S2, #26 (61)

159. PT 30, S4, #6 (71) (necessary/sufficient)

160. PT 30, S4, #8 (72)

161. PT 30, S4, #14 (73) (necessary/sufficient)

162. PT 31, S2, #3 (88)

163. PT 31, S2, #9 (90)

164. PT 31, S2, #18 (93)

165. PT 31, S3, #1 (96) (overgeneralization)

166. PT 31, S3, #5 (97) (false analogy)

167. PT 31, S3, #8 (98)

168. PT 31, S3, #25 (103) (false analogy)

169. PT 32, S1, #4 (119)

170. PT 32, S1, #6 (120)

171. PT 32, S1, #10 (121)

172. PT 32, S1, #14 (122)

173. PT 32, S1, #19 (124)

174. PT 32, S4, #6 (139) (ad hominem)

175. PT 32, S4, #13 (141) (appeal to opinion)

176. PT 33, S1, #12 (155) (numbers/percentages)

177. PT 33, S1, #24 (159)

178. PT 33, S3, #5 (169)

179. PT 33, S3, #15 (172) (false analogy)

180. PT 33, S3, #17 (172)

181. PT 34, S2, #1 (194) (ad hominem)

182. PT 34, S2, #3 (194)

183. PT 34, S2, #9 (196)

184. PT 34, S2, #11 (197)

185. PT 34, S3, #4 (203) (overgeneralization)

186. PT 34, S3, #10 (204)

187. PT 35, S1, #6 (221)

188. PT 35, S1, #17 (224)

189. PT 35, S1, #23 (226)

190. PT 35, S4, #7 (242)

191. PT 35, S4, #8 (242)

192. PT 35, S4, #13 (243) (false binarism)

193. PT 35, S4, #18 (245) (overgeneralization)

194. PT 35, S4, #24 (246)

195. PT 36, S1, #10 (257) (circular reasoning)

196. PT 36, S1, #12 (257)

197. PT 36, S1, #19 (259)

198. PT 36, S3, #13 (273)

199. PT 36, S3, #21 (276) (numbers/percentages)

200. PT 36, S3, #25 (277)

201. PT 37, S2, #3 (296) (necessary/sufficient)

202. PT 37, S2, #16 (300) (necessary/sufficient)

203. PT 37, S2, #25 (303)

204. PT 37, S4, #12 (311)

205. PT 37, S4, #16 (312)

206. PT 37, S4, #17 (312) (numbers/percentages)

207. PT 37, S4, #22 (314)

208. PT 38, S1, #6 (323)

209. PT 38, S1, #8 (323) (ad hominem)

210. PT 38, S1, #11 (325) (false binarism)

211. PT 38, S1, #23 (329)

212. PT 38, S4, #2 (342)

213. PT 38, S4, #8 (344) (ad hominem)

214. PT 38, S4, #14 (345)

215. PT 38, S4, #21 (347) (necessary/sufficient)

216. PT 43, S2, #9 (21) (ad hominem)

217. PT 43, S2, #12 (22) (necessary/sufficient)

218. PT 43, S2, #20 (24)

219. PT 43, S3, #4 (28)

220. PT 43, S3, #18 (32) (ambiguity)

221. PT 43, S3, #20 (32) (internal contradiction)

222. PT 44, S2, #1 (19)

223. PT 44, S2, #21 (24) (numbers/percentages)

224. PT 44, S2, #25 (26) (necessary/sufficient)

225. PT 44, S4, #9 (33)

226. PT 44, S4, #11 (33)

227. PT 44, S4, #20 (36)

228. PT 44, S4, #22 (37)

229. PT 45, S1, #13 (14) (necessary/sufficient)

230. PT 45, S1, #15 (15)

231. PT 45, S1, #20 (16)

232. PT 45, S1, #24 (17)

233. PT 45, S4, #10 (33) (overgeneralization)

234. PT 45, S4, #14 (35)

235. PT 45, S4, #17 (35)

236. PT 45, S4, #19 (36)

237. PT 45, S4, #24 (38)

238. PT 46, S2, #11 (20)

239. PT 46, S2, #14 (21) (ad hominem)

240. PT 46, S2, #24 (25)

241. PT 46, S3, #2 (26)

242. PT 46, S3, #4 (26)

243. PT 46, S3, #7 (27)

244. PT 46, S3, #13 (29)

245. PT 46, S3, #23 (32) (necessary/sufficient)

246. PT 47, S1, #1 (9)

247. PT 47, S1, #8 (11)

248. PT 47, S1, #23 (15)

249. PT 47, S3, #8 (27)

250. PT 47, S3, #16 (29) (numbers/percentages)

251. PT 47, S3, #19 (30)

252. PT 47, S3, #23 (31)

253. PT 48, S1, #2 (10)

254. PT 48, S1, #13 (13)

255. PT 48, S1, #17 (14)

256. PT 48, S1, #21 (15)

257. PT 48, S1, #24 (16)

258. PT 48, S4, #11 (33)

259. PT 48, S4, #13 (33)

260. PT 48, S4, #15 (34)

261. PT 48, S4, #17 (34)

262. PT 48, S4, #25 (37)

263. PT 49, S2, #5 (14) (ad hominem)

264. PT 49, S2, #13 (16) (correlation/causation)

265. PT 49, S2, #18 (17)

266. PT 49, S2, #23 (19) (circular reasoning)

267. PT 49, S4, #1 (29)

268. PT 49, S4, #6 (30)

269. PT 49, S4, #12 (32)

270. PT 49, S4, #23 (35)

271. PT 50, S2, #3 (19) (overgeneralization) (numbers/percentages)

272. PT 50, S2, #6 (19)

273. PT 50, S2, #10 (20)

274. PT 50, S4, #2 (30)

275. PT 50, S4, #4 (30)

276. PT 50, S4, #7 (31)

277. PT 50, S4, #17 (34)

278. PT 50, S4, #19 (35)

279. PT 50, S4, #22 (36) (numbers/percentages)

280. PT 51, S1, #4 (10) (numbers/percentages)

281. PT 51, S1, #6 (10) (ambiguity)

282. PT 51, S1, #10 (12)

283. PT 51, S1, #12 (12)

284. PT 51, S1, #15 (13) (circular reasoning)

285. PT 51, S1, #18 (14) (numbers/percentages)

286. PT 51, S3, #4 (25) (numbers/percentages)

287. PT 51, S3, #6 (26) (overgeneralization)

288. PT 51, S3, #9 (27)

289. PT 51, S3, #17 (29)

290. JN 07, S2, #4 (7)

291. JN 07, S2, #17 (11)

292. JN 07, S2, #21 (12) (correlation/causation)

293. JN 07, S3, #4 (15)

294. JN 07, S3, #8 (16)

295. JN 07, S3, #18 (19)

296. JN 07, S3, #23 (21)

297. JN 07, S3, #25 (21) (necessary/sufficient)

298. PT 52, S1, #2 (10) (cause/effect)

299. PT 52, S1, #6 (11)

300. PT 52, S1, #23 (17) (principle)

301. PT 52, S3, #4 (23)

302. PT 52, S3, #8 (24)

303. PT 52, S3, #12 (25)

304. PT 52, S3, #16 (26) (numbers/percentages)

305. PT 52, S3, #21 (28) (cause/effect)

306. PT 53, S1, #12 (12) (ambiguity)

307. PT 53, S1, #18 (15)

308. PT 53, S1 #22 (16)

309. PT 53, S1, #25 (17)

310. PT 53, S3, #2 (22)

311. PT 53, S3, #6 (24)

312. PT 53, S3, #17 (26)

313. PT 54, S2, #1 (18) (overgeneralization)

314. PT 54, S2, #5 (19) (necessary/sufficient)

315. PT 54, S2, #15 (21)

316. PT 54, S2, #19 (23) (correlation/causation)

317. PT 54, S2, #22 (24)

318. PT 54, S4, #4 (31) (necessary/sufficient)

319. PT 54, S4, #14 (34) (necessary/sufficient)

320. PT 54, S4, #16 (34)

321. PT 54, S4, #19 (35)

322. PT 55, S1, #14 (13)

323. PT 55, S1, #20 (15)

324. PT 55, S1, #24 (17)

325. PT 55, S3, #2 (26)

326. PT 55, S3, #11 (28)

327. PT 55, S3, #18 (31)

328. PT 55, S3, #25 (33)

329. PT 56, S2, #1 (14)

330. PT 56, S2, #5 (15) (method of reasoning)

331. PT 56, S2, #12 (17)

332. PT 56, S2, #15 (18) (necessary/sufficient)

333. PT 56, S3, #1 (22) (ad hominem)

334. PT 56, S3, #4 (23)

335. PT 56, S3, #10 (24)

336. PT 56, S3, #17 (26) (correlation/causation)

337. PT 56, S3, #21 (28)

338. PT 57, S2, #4 (15) (overgeneralization)

339. PT 57, S2, #6 (16) (correlation/causation)

340. PT 57, S2, #15 (18)

341. PT 57, S2, #26 (21) (overgeneralization)

342. PT 57, S3, #2 (22) (ad hominem)

343. PT 57, S3, #8 (24)

344. PT 57, S3, #10 (24)

345. PT 57, S3, #18 (27)

346. PT 57, S3, #22 (29)

347. PT 58, S1, #9 (12)

348. PT 58, S1, #11 (13)

349. PT 58, S1, #18 (15)

350. PT 58, S4, #5 (31)

351. PT 58, S4, #8 (32) (necessary/sufficient)

352. PT 58, S4, #14 (33) (appeal to opinion)

353. PT 58, S4, #18 (34)

354. PT 59, S2, #4 (6) (correlation/causation)

355. PT 59, S2, #6 (6)

356. PT 59, S2, #8 (7)

357. PT 59, S2, #15 (9) (ambiguity)

358. PT 59, S2, #20 (10) (numbers/percentages)

359. PT 59, S3, #5 (14)

360. PT 59, S3, #8 (15) (overgeneralization)

361. PT 59, S3, #20 (18)

362. PT 59, S3, #22 (19) (necessary/sufficient)

363. PT 59, S3, #24 (20)

MUST BE TRUE/MOST STRONGLY SUPPORTED

1. PT 7, S1, #8 (18) (MSS)

2. PT 7, S1, #9 (18) (MSS)

3. PT 7, S1, #12 (19) (MBT) (formal logic)

4. PT 7, S1, #16 (20) (MSS)

5. PT 7, S1, #21 (22) (MSS)

6. PT 7, S4, #7 (38) (MBT)

7. PT 7, S4, #10 (38) (MSS)

8. PT 7, S4, #15 (40) (MBT)

9. PT 7, S4, #19 (41) (MSS)

10. PT 9, S2, #10 (60) (MSS)

11. PT 9, S2, #13 (61) (MBT)

12. PT 9, S4, #4 (70) (MBT)

13. PT 9, S4, #7 (71) (MSS)

14. PT 9, S4, #13 (73) (MBT)

15. PT 9, S4, #16 (74) (MBT)

16. PT 9, S4, #23 (76) (MBT)

17. PT 10, S1, #18 (88) (MBT) (logically committed to which of the following…)

18. PT 10, S1, #22 (90) (MSS)

19. PT 10, S1, #24 (91) (MSS)

20. PT 10, S1, #3 (104) (MSS)

21. PT 10, S4, #10 (106) (MSS)

22. PT 10, S4, #16 (109) (MSS)

23. PT 10, S4, #20 (110) (MSS)

24. PT 10, S4, #22 (110) (MBT)

25. PT 11, S2, #7 (123) (MBT)

26. PT 11, S2, #12 (125) (MBT) (formal logic)

27. PT 11, S2, #16 (126) (MBT)

28. PT 11, S4, #4 (138) (MSS)

29. PT 11, S4, #14 (142) (MSS)

30. PT 11, S4, #16 (142) (MBT)

31. PT 12, S1, #8 (154) (MBT) (numbers/percentages)

32. PT 12, S1, #21 (157) (MBT)

33. PT 12, S4, #1 (172) (MSS)

34. PT 12, S4, #3 (173) (MSS)

35. PT 12, S4, #16 (177) (MSS)

36. PT 13, S2, #4 (191) (MSS)

37. PT 13, S2, #6 (191) (MSS)

38. PT 13, S2, #10 (192) (MBT)

39. PT 13, S2, #18 (195) (MSS) (numbers/percentages)

40. PT 13, S4, #5 (207) (MBT)

41. PT 13, S4, #18 (211) (MBT)

42. PT 14, S2, #11 (227) (MBT)

43. PT 14, S2, #16 (228)(MBT) (numbers/percentages)

44. PT 14, S2, #23 (230) (MSS)

45. PT 14, S4, #5 (241) (MSS)

46. PT 14, S4, #17 (245) (MBT)

47. PT 14, S4, #21 (246) (MSS)

48. PT 15, S2, #9 (264) (MSS) (numbers/percentages)

49. PT 15, S2, #12 (265) (MBT)

50. PT 15, S2, #15 (266) (MSS)

51. PT 15, S3, #5 (271) (MBT)

52. PT 15, S3, #7 (271) (MBT) (logically committed to which of the following…)

53. PT 16, S2, #3 (293) (MBT)

54. PT 16, S2, #9 (294) (MBT) (numbers/percentages)

55. PT 16, S2, #11 (295) (MSS)

56. PT 16, S2, #20 (298) (MBT) (numbers/percentages)

57. PT 16, S3, #5 (301) (MSS)

58. PT 16, S3, #8 (302) (MBT)

59. PT 16, S3, #16 (304) (MBT)

60. PT 16, S3, #21 (305) (MBT)

61. PT 18, S2, #3 (326) (MBT)

62. PT 18, S2, #20 (332) (MSS) (numbers/percentages)

63. PT 18, S4, #6 (343) (MBT)

64. PT 18, S4, #10 (344) (MBT)

65. PT 18, S4, #24 (349) (MSS)

66. PT 19, S2, #3 (20) (MSS)

67. PT 19, S2, #24 (27) (MSS)

68. PT 19, S4, #12 (39) (MSS)

69. PT 19, S4, #19 (41) (MSS)

70. PT 20, S1, #1 (50) (MSS)

71. PT 20, S1, #6 (51) (MSS)

72. PT 20, S1, #23 (57) (MSS)

73. PT 20, S1, #24 (57) (MBT) (numbers/percentages)

74. PT 20, S4, #6 (71) (MBT)

75. PT 20, S4, #10 (72) (MSS)

76. PT 20, S4, #19 (75) (MBT)

77. PT 21, S2, #8 (90) (MBT)

78. PT 21, S2, #10 (90) (MBT)

79. PT 21, S2, #13 (91) (MSS)

80. PT 21, S2, #18 (93) (MBT) (formal logic)

81. PT 21, S3, #1 (96) (MBT)

82. PT 21, S3, #12 (99) (MSS)

83. PT 21, S3, #16 (100) (MSS)

84. PT 21, S3, #18 (101) (MSS)

85. PT 21, S3, #24 (103) (MBT)

86. PT 22, S2, #5 (127) (MSS)

87. PT 22, S2, #15 (130) (MSS)

88. PT 22, S2, #17 (130) (MSS)

89. PT 22, S2, #18 (130) (MSS) (principle) (necessary/sufficient)

90. PT 22, S2, #22 (132) (MSS)

91. PT 22, S4, #4 (139) (MBT) (logically committed to which of the following…)

92. PT 22, S4, #12 (141) (MSS) (numbers/percentages)

93. PT 22, S4, #14 (141) (MSS)

94. PT 22, S4, #25 (145) (MBT)

95. PT 23, S2, #7 (157) (MSS)

96. PT 23, S2, #10 (158) (MBT) (formal logic)

97. PT 23, S2, #12 (159) (MBT) (formal logic)

98. PT 23, S2, #20 (161) (MBT)

99. PT 23, S2, #24 (162) (MSS)

100. PT 23, S3, #4 (165) (MSS)

101. PT 23, S3, #6 (165) (MSS)

102. PT 23, S3, #12 (167) (MSS)

103. PT 23, S3, #20 (169) (MSS)

104. PT 24, S2, #2 (194) (MSS)

105. PT 24, S2, #11 (196) (MBT) (formal logic)

106. PT 24, S3, #7 (204) (MSS)

107. PT 24, S3, #8 (204) (MBT)

108. PT 24, S3, #11 (204) (MBT)

109. PT 24, S3, #15 (205) (MBT)

110. PT 24, S2, #13 (232) (MSS)

111. PT 25, S2, #19 (234) (LEAST strongly supported)

112. PT 25, S2, #21 (234) (MBT)

113. PT 25, S4, #2 (240) (MBT)

114. PT 26, S2, #6 (259) (MBT)

115. PT 26, S2, #9 (260) (MSS)

116. PT 26, S3, #15 (270) (MSS) (numbers/percentages)

117. PT 26, S3, #20 (272) (LEAST strongly supported)

118. PT 26, S3, #22 (272) (MBT)

119. PT 27, S1, #3 (289) (MSS)

120. PT 27, S1, #9 (291) (MBT) (numbers/percentages)

121. PT 27, S1, #12 (292) (MSS)

122. PT 27, S1, #19 (293) (MBT)

123. PT 27, S1, #20 (294) (MSS)

124. PT 27, S1, #22 (294) (MBT)

125. PT 27, S4, #5 (309) (MBT)

126. PT 27, S4, #14 (312) (MBT) (numbers/percentages)

127. PT 27, S4, #17 (313) (MBT)

128. PT 27, S4, #23 (314) (MSS)

129. PT 28, S1, #14 (325) (MBT)

130. PT 28, S1, #16 (326) (MSS)

131. PT 28, S1, #22 (328) (MSS)

132. PT 28, S3, #1 (334) (MBT)

133. PT 28, S3, #8 (335) (MBT)

134. PT 29, S1, #6 (17) (MBT)

135. PT 29, S1, #8 (18) (MSS)

136. PT 29, S1, #18 (21) (MBT) (formal logic)

137. PT 29, S1, #21 (22) (MBT)

138. PT 29, S4, #3 (36) (MSS)

139. PT 29, S4, #12 (39) (MSS)

140. PT 29, S4, #23 (42) (MBT)

141. PT 30, S2, #16 (58) (MSS)

142. PT 30, S2, #18 (59) (MBT)

143. PT 30, S2, #20 (59) (MBT)

144. PT 30, S4, #4 (71) (MBT)

145. PT 30, S4, #10 (72) (MSS)

146. PT 30, S4, #22 (76) (MSS) (numbers/percentages)

147. PT 31, S2, #7 (90) (MSS)

148. PT 31, S2, #17 (93) (MBT)

149. PT 31, S2, #20 (94) (MSS)

150. PT 31, S3, #6 (97) (MSS)

151. PT 31, S3, #10 (98) (MBT)

152. PT 31, S3, #22 (101) (MSS)

153. PT 32, S1, #7 (120)

154. PT 32, S1, #9 (120) (MSS)

155. PT 32, S1, #11 (121) (MBT)

156. PT 32, S1, #18 (124) (MSS) (numbers/percentages)

157. PT 32, S1, #24 (125) (MSS)

158. PT 32, S4, #10 (140) (MSS)

159. PT 32, S4, #14 (142) (MSS)

160. PT 32, S4, #24 (145) (MBT)

161. PT 33, S1, #7 (154) (MSS)

162. PT 33, S1, #9 (154) (MSS)

163. PT 33, S1, #11 (155) (MBT)

164. PT 33, S3, #8 (170) (MBT) (formal logic)

165. PT 33, S3, #10 (170) (MSS)

166. PT 33, S3, #13 (171) (MSS)

167. PT 34, S2, #4 (195) (MSS)

168. PT 34, S2, #19 (199) (MSS)

169. PT 34, S2, #23 (200) (MBT)

170. PT 34, S3, #13 (205) (MBT)

171. PT 34, S3, #19 (207) (MSS)

172. PT 35, S1, #12 (223) (MSS)

173. PT 35, S1, #19 (225) (MSS)

174. PT 35, S4, #3 (240) (MSS)

175. PT 35, S4, #21 (246) (MSS)

176. PT 35, S4, #22 (246) (LEAST strongly supported)

177. PT 35, S4, #26 (247) (MSS)

178. PT 36, S1, #4 (255) (MSS)

179. PT 36, S1, #11 (257) (MBT)

180. PT 36, S1, #14 (258) (MBT)

181. PT 36, S1, #16 (258) (MSS)

182. PT 36, S1, #17 (275) (MSS)

183. PT 37, S2, #2 (296) (MBT)

184. PT 37, S2, #7 (297) (MBT)

185. PT 37, S2, #12 (299) (MBT)

186. PT 37, S4, #3 (308) (MSS)

187. PT 37, S4, #6 (309) (MSS)

188. PT 38, S1, #13 (325) (MSS)

189. PT 38, S1, #15 (326) (MSS)

190. PT 38, S1, #20 (327) (MSS)

191. PT 38, S1, #21 (328) (MSS)

192. PT 38, S4, #1 (342) (MBT)

193. PT 38, S4, #24 (348) (MBT)

194. PT 43, S2, #4 (20) (MSS)

195. PT 43, S2, #7 (21) (MBT)

196. PT 43, S2, #17 (24) (MBT) (formal logic)

197. PT 43, S2, #22 (25) (MBT)

198. PT 43, S3, #9 (29) (MBT) (formal logic)

199. PT 43, S3, #21 (33) (MBT) (formal logic)

200. PT 43, S3, #24 (33) (MBT) (formal logic)

201. PT 44, S2, #2 (19) (MSS)

202. PT 44, S2, #11 (21) (MSS)

203. PT 44, S2, #14 (22) (MSS)

204. PT 44, S4, #3 (31) (MSS) (numbers/percentages)

205. PT 44, S4, #12 (33) (MSS)

206. PT 44, S4, #15 (34) (MBT)

207. PT 45, S1, #8 (13) (MBT)

208. PT 45, S1, #22 (17) (MBT)

209. PT 45, S4, #16 (35) (MSS)

210. PT 45, S4, #18 (36) (MSS)

211. PT 46, S2, #2 (18) (MBT)

212. PT 46, S2, #7 (19) (MBT)

213. PT 46, S2, #12 (21) (MSS)

214. PT 46, S3, #9 (28) (MSS)

215. PT 46, S3, #11 (28) (MBT) (numbers/percentages)

216. PT 46, S3, #25 (33) (MBT)

217. PT 47, S1, #16 (13) (MSS)

218. PT 47, S1, #18 (14) (MBT)

219. PT 47, S3, #1 (25) (MSS)

220. PT 47, S3, #3 (25) (MSS)

221. PT 47, S3, #10 (27) (MSS)

222. PT 48, S1, #14 (13) (MBT)

223. PT 48, S1, #26 (17) (MBT)

224. PT 48, S4, #3 (31) (MSS)

225. PT 48, S4, #14 (33) (MBT)

226. PT 48, S4, #16 (34) (MSS) (principle)

227. PT 49, S2, #9 (15) (MSS)

228. PT 49, S2, #20 (18) (MSS)

229. PT 49, S4, #3 (29) (MBT)

230. PT 49, S4, #10 (31) (MBT)

231. PT 49, S4, #14 (32) (MSS)

232. PT 49, S4, #19 (34) (MBT)

233. PT 50, S2, #1 (18) (MSS)

234. PT 50, S2, #9 (20) (MBT)

235. PT 50, S2, #18 (23) (MSS)

236. PT 50, S4, #1 (30) (MSS)

237. PT 50, S4, #10 (32) (MBT)

238. PT 50, S4, #15 (34) (MBT)

239. PT 51, S1, #11 (12) (MBT)

240. PT 51, S1, #21 (15) (MSS)

241. PT 51, S3, #12 (27) (MSS)

242. PT 51, S3, #14 (28) (MBT)

243. PT 51, S3, #19 (30) (MBT)

244. PT 51, S3, #21 (30) (MSS)

245. JN 07, S2, #18 (11) (MSS)

246. JN 07, S2, #22 (12) (MSS)

247. JN 07, S3, #22 (21) (MBT)

248. PT 52, S1, #5 (11) (MBT)

249. PT 52, S1, #7 (12) (MSS)

250. PT 52, S1, #15 (14) (MSS)

251. PT 52, S1, #24 (17) (MSS)

252. PT 52, S1, #14 (25) (MSS)

253. PT 52, S3, #18 (27) (MSS)

254. PT 52, S3, #23 (28) (MSS)

255. PT 53, S1, #7 (11) (MBT)

256. PT 53, S1, #16 (14) (MBT)

257. PT 53, S3, #19 (27) (MBT)

258. PT 53, S3, #21 (27) (MSS)

259. PT 54, S2, #12 (20) (MSS)

260. PT 54, S2, #16 (21) (MBT) (formal logic)

261. PT 54, S2, #20 (23) (MSS)

262. PT 54, S2, #25 (25) (MBT)

263. PT 54, S4, #5 (31) (MSS)

264. PT 54, S4, #12 (33) (MSS)

265. PT 54, S4, #23 (36) (MBT)

266. PT 55, S1, #5 (11) (MSS)

267. PT 55, S1, #8 (12) (MSS)

268. PT 55, S1, #10 (12) (MSS)

269. PT 55, S1, #15 (14) (MBT)

270. PT 55, S3, #5 (27) (MSS)

271. PT 55, S3, #12 (29) (MSS) (numbers/percentages)

272. PT 55, S3, #16 (30) (MSS)

273. PT 56, S2, #19 (19) (MBT) (formal logic)

274. PT 56, S2, #23 (20) (MBT) (necessary/sufficient)

275. PT 56, S3, #2 (22) (MSS)

276. PT 56, S3, #11 (24) (MSS)

277. PT 56, S3, #15 (26) (MSS)

278. PT 57, S2, #25 (21) (MBT)

279. PT 57, S3, #13 (25) (MSS)

280. PT 57, S3, #23 (29) (MSS)

281. PT 57, S3, #25 (29) (MSS)

282. PT 58, S1, #10 (12) (MSS)

283. PT 58, S1, #15 (14) (MBT)

284. PT 58, S1, #20 (15) (MBT)

285. PT 58, S4, #6 (31) (MSS)

286. PT 58, S4, #9 (32) (MBT)

287. PT 58, S4, #13 (33) (MSS)

288. PT 58, S4, #15 (33) (MSS)

289. PT 58, S2, #19 (10) (MBT) (formal logic)

290. PT 59, S3, #3 (14) (MSS)

291. PT 59, S3, #7 (15) (MSS)

292. PT 59, S3, #19 (18) (MBT)

293. PT 59, S3, #21 (19) (MSS)

(NECESSARY) ASSUMPTION

1. PT 7, S1, #2 (16)

2. PT 7, S1, #14 (19)

3. PT 7, S1, #24 (23)

4. PT 7, S4, #6 (37)

5. PT 7, S4, #13 (39)

6. PT 7, S4, #23 (43)

7. PT 7, S4, #24 (43)

8. PT 9, S2, #19 (63)

9. PT 9, S2, #21 (64)

10. PT 9, S2, #25 (65)

11. PT 9, S4, #6 (71)

12. PT 9, S4, #10 (72)

13. PT 9, S4, #19 (74)

14. PT 9, S4, #25 (77)`

15. PT 10, S1, #1 (84)

16. PT 10, S1, #7 (85)

17. PT 10, S1, #15 (87)

18. PT 10, S4, #4 (104) (numbers/percentages)

19. PT 10, S4, #8 (106)

20. PT 10, S4, #18 (109)

21. PT 11, S2, #5 (123)

22. PT 11, S2, #13 (125)

23. PT 11, S2, #18 (127)

24. PT 11, S2, #24 (128)

25. PT 11, S4, #7 (140)

26. PT 11, S4, #13 (141)

27. PT 11, S4, #15 (142)

28. PT 12, S1, #2 (152)

29. PT 12, S1, #10 (154)

30. PT 12, S1, #13 (155)

31. PT 12, S4, #2 (172)

32. PT 12, S4, #6 (173)

33. PT 12, S4, #8 (174)

34. PT 13, S2, #12 (193)

35. PT 13, S2, #14 (193)

36. PT 13, S4, #4 (206)

37. PT 13, S4, #8 (208)

38. PT 13, S4, #11 (209)

39. PT 14, S2, #18 (229)

40. PT 14, S2, #20 (230)

41. PT 14, S4, #13 (244)

42. PT 14, S4, #19 (245)

43. PT 15, S2, #6 (263)

44. PT 15, S2, #16 (266)

45. PT 15, S2, #23 (269)

46. PT 15, S3, #3 (270)

47. PT 15, S3, #12 (273)

48. PT 15, S3, #24 (277)

49. PT 16, S2, #6 (293)

50. PT 16, S2, #14 (296) (numbers/percentages)

51. PT 16, S3, #3 (301)

52. PT 16, S3, #12 (303)

53. PT 16, S3, #14 (303)

54. PT 18, S2 #9 (328)

55. PT 18, S2, #15 (330)

56. PT 18, S4, #8 (344)

57. PT 18, S4, #18 (347)

58. PT 18, S4, #22 (348)

59. PT 19, S2, #2 (20)

60. PT 19, S2, #9 (22)

61. PT 19, S2, #13 (23) (numbers/percentages)

62. PT 19, S2, #15 (24)

63. PT 19, S4, #4 (36)

64. PT 19, S4, #8 (38)

65. PT 19, S4, #14 (39)

66. PT 20, S1, #3 (50) (numbers/percentages)

67. PT 20, S1, #11 (52) (numbers/percentages)

68. PT 20, S1, #16 (54)

69. PT 20, S4, #1 (70)

70. PT 20, S4, #8 (71)

71. PT 20, S4, #11 (72)

72. PT 20, S4, #16 (74)

73. PT 21, S2, #3 (89)

74. PT 21, S2, #6 (89)

75. PT 21, S2, #11 (91)

76. PT 21, S2, #19 (93)

77. PT 21, S3, #4 (97)

78. PT 21, S3, #8 (98)

79. PT 21, S3, #13 (99)

80. PT 22, S2, #1 (126)

81. PT 22, S2 #14 (129)

82. PT 22, S4, #5 (139)

83. PT 22, S4, #11 (141)

84. PT 22, S4, #16 (142)

85. PT 22, S4, #22 (144)

86. PT 23, S2, #6 (157)

87. PT 23, S2, #9 (158)

88. PT 23, S2, #17 (160)

89. PT 23, S3, #3 (164)

90. PT 23, S3, #9 (166)

91. PT 23, S3, #11 (167)

92. PT 24, S2, #17 (199)

93. PT 24, S3, #5 (203)

94. PT 24, S3, #13 (205)

95. PT 24, S3, #18 (206)

96. PT 25, S2, #6 (230)

97. PT 25, S2, #12 (232)

98. PT 25, S2, #16 (233)

99. PT 25, S2, #24 (235) (principle)

100. PT 25, S4, #9 (242)

101. PT 25, S4, #25 (247)

102. PT 26, S2, #7 (259)

103. PT 26, S2, #10 (260)

104. PT 26, S2, #13 (261)

105. PT 26, S2, #25 (265)

106. PT 26, S3, #9 (268)

107. PT 26, S3, #11 (268)

108. PT 27, S1, #13 (292)

109. PT 27, S1, #21 (294)

110. PT 27, S4, #4 (309)

111. PT 27, S4, #9 (310)

112. PT 27, S4, #19 (313)

113. PT 27, S4, #20 (313)

114. PT 28, S1, #2 (322)

115. PT 28, S1, #12 (325)

116. PT 28, S1, #21 (327)

117. PT 28, S3, #16 (337)

118. PT 28, S3, #19 (338)

119. PT 28, S3, #22 (339)

120. PT 29, S1, #5 (17)

121. PT 29, S1, #15 (20)

122. PT 29, S4, #4 (37)

123. PT 29, S4, #5 (37)

124. PT 29, S4, #8 (38)

125. PT 30, S2, #11 (57)

126. PT 30, S2, #15 (58)

127. PT 30, S2, #22 (60)

128. PT 30, S4, #19 (75) (questionable assumption)

129. PT 31, S2, #2 (88)

130. PT 31, S2, #14 (92)

131. PT 31, S3, #11 (98)

132. PT 31, S3, #13 (99)

133. PT 31, S3, #17 (100)

134. PT 31, S3, #21 (101)

135. PT 32, S1, #1 (118)

136. PT 32, S1, #21 (124)

137. PT 32, S1, #23 (125)

138. PT 32, S1, #25 (125)

139. PT 32, S4, #7 (140)

140. PT 32, S4, #16 (142)

141. PT 32, S4, #19 (143)

142. PT 33, S1, #10 (154)

143. PT 33, S1, #13 (155)

144. PT 33, S1, #19 (157)

145. PT 33, S3, #11 (171)

146. PT 33, S3, #16 (172)

147. PT 33, S3, #25 (175)

148. PT 34, S2, #13 (197)

149. PT 34, S2, #16 (198)

150. PT 34, S2, #21 (199)

151. PT 34, S3, #3 (202)

152. PT 34, S3, #5 (203)

153. PT 34, S3, #9 (204)

154. PT 34, S3, #11 (205)

155. PT 34, S3, #17 (206)

156. PT 35, S1, #14 (224)

157. PT 35, S1, #18 (225)

158. PT 35, S4, #16 (244)

159. PT 36, S1, #3 (255)

160. PT 36, S1, #20 (259)

161. PT 36, S3, #14 (274)

162. PT 36, S3, #16 (275)

163. PT 36, S3, #18 (275)

164. PT 36, S3, #22 (276)

165. PT 37, S2, #15 (300)

166. PT 37, S2, #19 (301)

167. PT 37, S4, #15 (312)

168. PT 37, S4, #19 (313)

169. PT 37, S4, #23 (315)

170. PT 38, S1, #12 (325)

171. PT 38, S1, #14 (325)

172. PT 38, S1, #24 (329)

173. PT 38, S4, #6 (343)

174. PT 38, S4, #20 (347)

175. PT 38, S4, #22 (347)

176. PT 43, S2, #10 (21)

177. PT 43, S2, #16 (23)

178. PT 43, S3, #1 (27)

179. PT 43, S3, #12 (30)

180. PT 44, S2, #5 (20)

181. PT 44, S2, #9 (21)

182. PT 44, S2, #18 (23)

183. PT 44, S2, #23 (25)

184. PT 44, S4, #7 (32)

185. PT 44, S4, #16 (34)

186. PT 45, S1, #3 (11)

187. PT 45, S4, #6 (32)

188. PT 45, S4, #13 (34)

189. PT 46, S2, #10 (20)

190. PT 46, S2, #13 (21)

191. PT 46, S3, #15 (29)

192. PT 46, S3, #17 (30)

193. PT 46, S3, #20 (31)

194. PT 46, S3, #26 (33)

196. PT 47, S1, #17 (13)

197. PT 47, S1, #20 (14)

198. PT 47, S3, #13 (28)

199. PT 47, S3, #17 (29)

200. PT 48, S1, #15 (13)

201. PT 48, S1, #20 (15)

202. PT 48, S4, #10 (32)

203. PT 49, S2, #17 (17)

204. PT 49, S2, #22 (18)

205. PT 49, S4, #13 (32)

206. PT 49, S4, #16 (33)

207. PT 49, S4, #20 (34)

208. PT 50, S2, #14 (22)

209. PT 50, S2, #16 (22)

210. PT 50, S4, #11 (32)

211. PT 50, S4, #21 (35)

212. PT 51, S1, #7 (10)

213. PT 51, S3, #2 (25)

214. PT 51, S3, #15 (29)

215. PT 51, S3, #18 (29)

216. JN 07, S3, #9 (16)

217. JN 07, S3, #11 (16)

218. JN 07, S3, #17 (19)

219. PT 52, S1, #10 (13)

220. PT 52, S1, #25 (17)

221. PT 52, S3, #7 (24)

222. PT 52, S3, #9 (24)

223. PT 52, S3, #13 (25)

224. PT 53, S1, #9 (12)

225. PT 53, S1, #13 (13)

226. PT 53, S1, #15 (14)

227. PT 53, S1, #23 (17)

228. PT 53, S3, #8 (24)

229. PT 53, S3, #15 (26)

230. PT 53, S3, #20 (27)

231. PT 54, S2, #2 (18)

232. PT 54, S2, #6 (19)

233. PT 54, S2, #9 (20) (numbers/percentages)

234. PT 54, S4, #3 (31)

235. PT 54, S4, #7 (32)

236. PT 54, S4, #18 (35)

237. PT 54, S4, #24 (37) (numbers/percentages)

238. PT 55, S1, #2 (10)

239. PT 55, S1, #12 (13)

240. PT 55, S1, #17 (14)

241. PT 55, S3, #8 (28)

242. PT 55, S3, #19 (31)

243. PT 55, S3, #24 (33)

244. PT 56, S2, #4 (15)

245. PT 56, S2, #6 (15)

246. PT 56, S2, #20 (19) (principle)

247. PT 56, S3, #9 (24)

248. PT 56, S3, #18 (26)

249. PT 56, S3, #25 (29)

250. PT 57, S2, #24 (21)

251. PT 57, S3, #12 (25)

252. PT 57, S3, #17 (27)

253. PT 58, S1, #1 (10)

254. PT 58, S1, #14 (13)

255. PT 58, S1, #16 (14)

256. PT 58, S1, #19 (15)

257. PT 58, S1, #22 (16)

258. PT 58, S4, #11 (32)

259. PT 58, S4, #17 (34)

260. PT 58, S4, #21 (35)

261. PT 59, S2, #14 (8)

262. PT 59, S3, #12 (16)

263. PT 59, S3, #16 (17)

264. PT 59, S3, #25 (20)

WEAKEN

1. PT 7, S1, #1 (16)

2. PT 9, S2, #4 (59)

3. PT 9, S2, #7 (60)

4. PT 9, S2, #12 (61)

5. PT 9, S4, #2 (70)

6. PT 9, S4, #22 (76)

7. PT 10, S1, #16 (87)

8. PT 10, S4, #1 (104)

9. PT 10, S4, #9 (106)

10. PT 11, S2, #1 (122)

11. PT 11, S2, #11 (124)

12. PT 11, S2, #19 (127)

13. PT 11, S2, #21 (127)

14. PT 11, S4, #5 (139)

15. PT 11, S4, #11 (141)

16. PT 11, S4, #21 (144)

17. PT 12, S1, #16 (156)

18. PT 12, S4, #4 (173)

19. PT 12, S4, #11 (175) (false binarism)

20. PT 12, S4, #21 (178)

21. PT 13, S2, #1 (190)

22. PT 13, S2, #13 (193)

23. PT 13, S2, #21 (196) (counters a response)

24. PT 13, S4, #12 (209)

25. PT 13, S4, #17 (211)

26. PT 13, S4, #19 (211)

27. PT 14, S2, #12 (227)

28. PT 14, S2, #21 (230)

29. PT 14, S4, #4 (241)

30. PT 14, S4, #6 (242) (account for without supporting)

31. PT 14, S4, #22 (246)

32. PT 14, S4, #25 (247) (counters an objection)

33. PT 15, S2, #7 (264)

34. PT 15, S2, #21 (268) (principle)

35. PT 15, S3, #25 (277)

36. PT 16, S2, #2 (292)

37. PT 16, S2, #5 (293)

38. PT 16, S2, #16 (296) (numbers/percentages)

39. PT 16, S3, #1 (300)

40. PT 16, S3, #6 (301)

41. PT 16, S3, #18 (304)

42. PT 18, S2, #6 (327)

43. PT 18, S2, #21 (332)

44. PT 18, S2, #24 (333)

45. PT 18, S4, #7 (344)

46. PT 18, S4, #14 (345)

47. PT 19, S2, #4 (21)

48. PT 19, S2, #12 (23)

49. PT 19, S4, #9 (38)

50. PT 19, S4, #10 (38)

51. PT 19, S4, #26 (43) (counters a response)

52. PT 20, S1, #2 (50)

53. PT 20, S1, #4 (51)

54. PT 20, S1, #12 (53)

55. PT 20, S4, #3 (70)

56. PT 20, S4, #17 (74) (undermines an objection)

57. PT 20, S4, #25 (77)

58. PT 21, S4, #7 (90)

59. PT 21, S2, #17 (93)

60. PT 21, S3, #9 (98) (strengthen X’s challenge)

61. PT 21, S3, #15 (99) (principle)

62. PT 21, S3, #21 (101)

63. PT 21, S3, #23 (102)

64. PT 22, S2, #4 (127)

65. PT 22, S4, #19 (143)

66. PT 22, S4, #24 (144) (conclusion would not follow if…)

67. PT 22, S4, #26 (145)

68. PT 23, S2, #8 (158)

69. PT 23, S3, #19 (169)

70. PT 24, S3, #6 (203)

71. PT 24, S3, #9 (204)

72. PT 25, S2, #5 (229)

73. PT 25, S2, #15 (233)

74. PT 25, S4, #3 (241)

75. PT 25, S4, #10 (242)

76. PT 25, S4, #24 (246)

77. PT 26, S2, #5 (259)

78. PT 26, S2, #12 (261)

79. PT 26, S3, #6 (267) (counters an objection)

80. PT 26, S3, #14 (270)

81. PT 26, S3, #24 (273) (numbers/percentages)

82. PT 27, S1, #4 (289) (which indicates that criticism of X was based on a misunderstanding of it?)

83. PT 27, S1, #8 (290)

84. PT 27, S1, #10 (291)

85. PT 27, S4, #15 (312)

86. PT 27, S4, #18 (313)

87. PT 28, S1, #5 (323)

88. PT 28, S3, #11 (336) (numbers/percentages)

89. PT 28, S3, #15 (337)

90. PT 28, S3, #17 (338)

91. PT 28, S3, #25 (341)

92. PT 29, S1, #16 (20)

93. PT 29, S1, #24 (23)

94. PT 29, S4, #9 (38)

95. PT 29, S4, #24 (43)

96. PT 30, S2, #1 (54)

97. PT 30, S2, #8 (56)

98. PT 30, S2, #9 (56) (evidence that the given explanation is only a partial one)

99. PT 30, S2, #24 (60) (counters an objection)

100. PT 30, S4, #11 (73)

101. PT 30, S4, #17 (74)

102. PT 30, S4, #24 (77)

103. PT 31, S2, #6 (89)

104. PT 31, S2, #16 (93)

105. PT 31, S2, #19 (93)

106. PT 31, S3, #24 (102)

107. PT 32, S1, #12 (121)

108. PT 32, S4, #2 (138)

109. PT 33 S1, #4 (153)

110. PT 33, S1, #17 (157)

111. PT 33, S1, #25 (159)

112. PT 33, S3, #7 (170)

113. PT 33, S3, #24 (175)

114. PT 34, S2, #12 (197)

115. PT 34, S2, #17 (198)

116. PT 34, S2, #25 (201)

117. PT 34, S3, #6 (203)

118. PT 34, S3, #18 (206) (shows that explanation is at best incomplete)

119. PT 34, S3, #20 (207)

120. PT 35, S1, #4 (221) (counters an objection)

121. PT 35, S1, #8 (222)

122. PT 35, S1, #13 (223)

123. PT 35, S4, #5 (241)

124. PT 35, S4, #20 (245)

125. PT 36, S1, #2 (254)

126. PT 36, S1, #8 (256)

127. PT 36, S1, #25 (261)

128. PT 36, S3, #2 (270)

129. PT 36, S3, #5 (271)

130. PT 37, S2, #4 (297)

131. PT 37, S2, #14 (299)

132. PT 37, S4, #2 (308)

133. PT 37, S4, #11 (311)

134. PT 37, S4, #18 (313)

135. PT 38, S1, #10 (324)

136. PT 38, S1, #17 (327)

137. PT 38, S4, #13 (345)

138. PT 38, S4, #15 (345)

139. PT 43, S2, #6 (20)

140. PT 43, S3, #8 (29)

141. PT 43, S3, #19 (32)

142. PT 44, S2, #4 (20)

143. PT 44, S2, #20 (24)

144. PT 44, S4, #1 (31)

145. PT 44, S4, #5 (32)

146. PT 45, S1, #2 (11)

147. PT 45, S1, #12 (14)

148. PT 45, S1, #16 (15)

149. PT 45, S1, #18 (16)

150. PT 45, S4, #4 (32)

151. PT 46, S2, #8 (20)

152. PT 46, S2, #22 (24)

153. PT 46, S2, #25 (25)

154. PT 46, S3, #6 (27)

155. PT 46, S1, #2 (9)

156. PT 47, S1, #19 (14)

157. PT 47, S1, #22 (15)

158. PT 47, S1, #24 (16) (principle)

159. PT 47, S3, #4 (26)

160. PT 47, S3, #7 (26) (counters an objection)

161. PT 47, S3, #14 (28)

162. PT 47, S3, #24 (31)

163. PT 48, S1, #1 (10)

164. PT 48, S1, #19 (14)

165. PT 48, S4, #9 (32)

166. PT 48, S4, #26 (37)

167. PT 49, S2, #6 (14)

168. PT 49, S2, #8 (14)

169. PT 49, S2, #14 (16)

170. PT 49, S4, #8 (31)

171. PT 50, S2, #2 (18) (counters an objection)

172. PT 50, S4, #5 (31)

173. PT 50, S4, #12 (33)

174. PT 51, S1, #8 (11)

175. PT 51, S1, #25 (16) (correlation/causation)

176. PT 51, S3, #1 (25)

177. JN 07, S2, #5 (7)

178. JN 07, S2, #9 (8)

179. JN 07, S2, #14 (10)

180. JN 07, S3, #15 (18)

181. JN 07, S3, #21 (20)

182. PT 52, S1, #9 (12) (counters an objection)

183. PT 52, S1, #12 (13)

184. PT 52, S1, #21 (16)

185. PT 52, S3, #6 (23)

186. PT 52, S3, #19 (27)

187. PT 53, S1, #3 (10)

188. PT 53, S1, #8 (11)

189. PT 53, S3, #4 (23)

190. PT 53, S3, #9 (24)

191. PT 53, S3, #14 (26)

192. PT 53, S3, #16 (26)

193. PT 54, S2, #3 (18)

194. PT 54, S2, #14 (21)

195. PT 54, S4, #10 (33) (counters an objection)

196. PT 55, S1, #7 (12)

197. PT 55, S1, #9 (12)

198. PT 55, S1, #22 (16)

199. PT 55, S3, #4 (27) (counters an objection)

200. PT 55, S3, #9 (28)

201. PT 55, S3, #22 (32)

202. PT 56, S2, #3 (14)

203. PT 56, S2, #8 (16)

204. PT 56, S3, #20 (27)

205. PT 57, S2, #9 (16)

206. PT 57, S2, #14 (18)

207. PT 57, S2, #17 (19)

208. PT 57, S2, #20 (20)

209. PT 57, S3, #6 (23)

210. PT 57, S3, #11 (24)

211. PT 58, S1, #5 (11)

212. PT 58, S1, #24 (16) (numbers/percentages)

213. PT 58, S4, #2 (30)

214. PT 58, S4, #10 (32)

215. PT 59, S2, #21 (10)

216. PT 59, S2, #25 (12)

217. PT 59, S3, #2 (13)

218. PT 59, S3, #13 (16) (numbers/percentages)

JUSTIFY THE CONCLUSION/SUFFICIENT ASSUMPTION

1. PT 7, S1, #4 (17) (ad is misleading if…)

2. PT 7, S4, #4 (37) (ad is misleading if…)

3. PT 7, S4, #5 (37) (principle)

4. PT 9, S2, #16 (62) (hold inconsistent views if…)

5. PT 9, S2, #23 (64) (formal logic)

6. PT 9, S4, #12 (72)

7. PT 9, S4, #21 (75) (principle)

8. PT 11, S2, #10 (124) (principle)

9. PT 11, S2, #22 (128)

10. PT 11, S4, #6 (139) (principle)

11. PT 12, S1, #5 (153) (principle)

12. PT 12, S1, #22 (158) (numbers/percentages)

13. PT 12, S4, #20 (178)

14. PT 13, S2, #16 (194) (principle)

15. PT 14, S2, #13 (227)

16. PT 14, S2, #17 (229)

17. PT 14, S4, #7 (242) (numbers/percentages)

18. PT 14, S4, #12 (243) (conflict of views if…)

19. PT 14, S4, #23 (246)

20. PT 15, S2, #1 (262) (principle)

21. PT 15, S2, #13 (266) (principle)

22. PT 15, S3, #18 (274)

23. PT 16, S3, #13 (303)

24. PT 18, S2, #2 (326) (formal logic)

25. PT 18, S4, #1 (342) (principle)

26. PT 18, S4, #12 (345)

27. PT 18, S4, #19 (347) (principle)

28. PT 19, S2, #18 (25) (numbers/percentages)

29. PT 19, S4, #11 (38) (numbers/percentages)

30. PT 20, S1, #5 (51) (principle)

31. PT 20, S4, #12 (72) (principle)

32. PT 21, S2, #20 (94)

33. PT 21, S3, #6 (97)

34. PT 21, S3, #17 (100) (principle)

35. PT 22, S4, #2 (138)

36. PT 22, S4, #13 (141)

37. PT 23, S2, #5 (157)

38. PT 23, S3, #5 (165) (principle)

39. PT 23, S3, #14 (167)

40. PT 24, S2, #21 (200)

41. PT 24, S2, #24 (201)

42. PT 24, S3, #10 (204) (formal logic)

43. PT 24, S3, #19 (207) (formal logic)

44. PT 24, S3, #20 (207) (principle)

45. PT 25, S4, #7 (242)

46. PT 25, S4, #18 (245)

47. PT 26, S2, #23 (264) (principle)

48. PT 26, S3, #21 (272)

49. PT 27, S1, #16 (293)

50. PT 27, S1, #24 (295) (principle)

51. PT 28, S1, #24 (328)

52. PT 28, S3, #18 (338) (principle)

53. PT 29, S1, #20 (21) (numbers/percentages)

54. PT 29, S1, #22 (22) (principle)

55. PT 29, S4, #7 (38) (principle)

56. PT 30, S4, #1 (70)

57. PT 30, S4, #15 (74)

58. PT 30, S4, #23 (76) (principle)

59. PT 31, S2, #10 (91)

60. PT 31, S3, #4 (97) (principle)

61. PT 31, S3, #26 (103) (principle)

62. PT 32, S1, #5 (119)

63. PT 32, S4, #4 (139)

64. PT 33, S1, #21 (158) (principle)

65. PT 33, S3, #6 (169) (principle)

66. PT 33, S3, #21 (173)

67. PT 33, S3, #23 (174)

68. PT 34, S2, #2 (194)

69. PT 34, S2, #10 (196)

70. PT 34, S3, #16 (206) (principle)

71. PT 34, S3, #21 (207) (numbers/percentages)

73. PT 35, S1, #20 (225)

74. PT 35, S1, #22 (226) (formal logic)

76. PT 35, S4, #14 (244)

77. PT 35, S4, #19 (245)

79. PT 36, S1, #18 (259)

80. PT 36, S1, #22 (260)

81. PT 36, S1, #26 (261)

82. PT 36, S3, #12 (273)

84. PT 37, S2, #5 (297)

87. PT 37, S4, #9 (310)

88. PT 37, S4, #20 (313)

89. PT 37, S4, #21 (314) (principle)

90. PT 38, S1, #1 (322)

92. PT 38, S4, #16 (346)

94. PT 43, S2, #18 (24)

98. PT 43, S3, #16 (31) (formal logic)

99. PT 44, S2, #13 (22)

101. PT 44, S4, #26 (38)

102. PT 45, S1, #14 (15)

103. PT 45, S1, #21 (16)

104. PT 45, S1, #23 (16)

105. PT 45, S4, #3 (32) (principle)

106. PT 45, S4, #22 (37)

108. PT 46, S2, #4 (19)

109. PT 46, S2, #23 (24) (formal logic)

110. PT 46, S3, #24 (32)

112. PT 47, S1, #9 (11)

113. PT 47, S1, #12 (12)

114. PT 47, S3, #21 (30)

118. PT 48, S1, #18 (14) (principle)

119. PT 48, S1, #25 (17)

120. PT 48, S4, #8 (32)

121. PT 48, S4, #20 (35) (misleading ad)

122. PT 48, S4, #21 (35)

123. PT 49, S2, #7 (14) (formal logic)

125. PT 49, S2, #19 (18)

126. PT 49, S2, #25 (20)

127. PT 49, S4, #18 (34)

129. PT 49, S4, #22 (35)

130. PT 50, S2, #7 (20)

131. PT 50, S2, #12 (21) (principle)

132. PT 50, S2, #22 (24)

133. PT 50, S4, #9 (32)

134. PT 50, S4, #13 (33)

135. PT 50, S4, #18 (35) (principle)

136. PT 51, S1, #16 (13)

137. PT 51, S1, #19 (14)

138. PT 51, S3, #13 (28) (principle)

139. PT 51, S3, #20 (30)

140. JN 07, S2, #6 (7)

141. JN 07, S2, #13 (10)

142. JN 07, S2, #15 (10)

143. JN 07, S2, #23 (12)

144. JN 07, S3, #5 (15)

145. JN 07, S3, #24 (21) (principle)

146. PT 52, S1, #8 (12) (principle)

147. PT 52, S1, #17 (14)

148. PT 52, S1, #19 (15) (principle)

149. PT 52, S1, #20 (16)

150. PT 52, S3, #15 (26)

151. PT 53, S1, #20 (16)

152. PT 53, S3, #12 (25) (principle)

153. PT 53, S3, #25 (29) (principle)

154. PT 54, S2, #13 (21)

155. PT 54, S2, #26 (25)

156. PT 54, S4, #9 (32) (principle)

157. PT 54, S4, #22 (36)

158. PT 55, S1, #4 (11)

159. PT 55, S1, #6 (11)

160. PT 55, S3, #10 (28)

161. PT 55, S3, #21 (32)

162. PT 56, S2, #10 (16)

163. PT 56, S2, #16 (18) (principle)

164. PT 56, S3, #3 (22) (principle)

165. PT 56, S3, #12 (25) (principle)

166. PT 56, S3, #16 (26)

167. PT 57, S2, #7 (16)

168. PT 57, S2, #12 (17)

169. PT 57, S3, #19 (27)

170. PT 57, S3, #24 (29)

171. PT 58, S1, #12 (13)

172. PT 58, S1, #25 (17)

173. PT 58, S4, #19 (34)

174. PT 58, S4, #24 (37)

175. PT 59, S2, #13 (8) (principle)

176. PT 59, S2, #17 (9)

177. PT 59, S3, #10 (16)

PARALLEL REASONING

1. PT 7, S1, #13 (19)

2. PT 7, S1, #20 (21) (flawed)

3. PT 7, S4, #14 (40) (flawed)

4. PT 7, S4, #25 (43)

5. PT 9, S2, #1 (58)

6. PT 9, S2, #24 (65)

7. PT 9, S4, #15 (73)

8. PT 9, S4, #24 (77) (flawed)

9. PT 10, S1, #20 (89)

10. PT 10, S1, #25 (91)

11. PT 10, S4, #5 (105) (flawed)

12. PT 10, S4, #12 (107)

13. PT 11, S2, #17 (126) (flawed)

14. PT 11, S2, #25 (129)

15. PT 11, S4, #20 (144) (flawed) (necessary/sufficient)

16. PT 11, S4, #22 (145)

17. PT 12, S1, #17 (156) (flawed)

18. PT 12, S1, #23 (158)

19. PT 12, S4, #9 (174)

20. PT 12, S4, #23 (179) (flawed)

21. PT 13, S2, #8 (192)

22. PT 13, S2, #23 (196) (flawed) (necessary/sufficient)

23. PT 13, S4, #15 (210) (flawed)

24. PT 13, S4, #24 (213)

25. PT 14, S2, #15 (228) (functional equivalency)

26. PT 14, S2, #25 (231) (flawed) (numbers/percentages)

27. PT 14, S4, #8 (242)

28. PT 14, S4, #14 (244) (flawed)

29. PT 15, S2, #4 (263) (flawed)

30. PT 15, S2, #18 (267) (formal logic)

31. PT 15, S3, #13 (273)

32. PT 15, S3, #22 (276) (flawed)

33. PT 16, S2, #7 (294) (flawed)

34. PT 16, S2, #19 (297)

35. PT 16, S3, #15 (303) (flawed)

36. PT 16, S3, #22 (306)

37. PT 18, S2, #13 (330)

38. PT 18, S2, #17 (331) (flawed)

39. PT 18, S4, #3 (343) (flawed) (necessary/sufficient)

40. PT 18, S4, #20 (348)

41. PT 19, S2, #20 (26)

42. PT 19, S2, #22 (26) (flawed)

43. PT 19, S4, #21 (41) (flawed)

44. PT 19, S4, #24 (43)

45. PT 20, S1, #17 (54) (flawed)

46. PT 20, S1, #19 (55)

47. PT 20, S4, #15 (73)

48. PT 20, S4, #20 (75) (flawed)

49. PT 21, S2, #15 (92) (functional equivalency)

50. PT 21, S2, #21 (94) (flawed) (necessary/sufficient)

51. PT 21, S3, #22 (102)

52. PT 21, S3, #25 (103) (flawed)

53. PT 22, S2, #16 (130)

54. PT 22, S2, #23 (132) (flawed)

55. PT 22, S4, #6 (139)

56. PT 22, S4, #20 (143)

57. PT 23, S2, #23 (162) (flawed)

58. PT 23, S2, #25 (163)

59. PT 23, S3, #18 (168)

60. PT 23, S3, #23 (170) (flawed)

61. PT 24, S2, #5 (195) (flawed)

62. PT 24, S2, #13 (197)

63. PT 24, S3, #16 (206) (flawed)

64. PT 24, S3, #21 (207)

65. PT 25, S2, #2 (228) (flawed)

66. PT 25, S2, #22 (235)

67. PT 25, S4, #12 (243) (flawed) (circular reasoning)

68. PT 25, S4, #20 (245)

69. PT 26, S2, #16 (262)

70. PT 26, S2, #20 (263)

71. PT 26, S3, #13 (269) (flawed)

72. PT 27, S1, #11 (291) (flawed)

73. PT 27, S1, #26 (295)

74. PT 27, S4, #13 (311) (flawed)

75. PT 28, S1, #3 (322)

76. PT 28, S1, #13 (325)

77. PT 28, S3, #21 (339)

78. PT 28, S3, #26 (341)

79. PT 29, S1, #13 (19) (LEAST)

80. PT 29, S1, #23 (22)

81. PT 29, S4, #21 (42) (flawed) (formal logic)

82. PT 30, S2, #6 (55) (flawed)

83. PT 30, S2, #14 (58)

84. PT 30, S4, #9 (72)

85. PT 30, S4, #25 (77) (flawed)

86. PT 31, S2, #21 (94) (flawed)

87. PT 31, S2, #23 (95)

88. PT 31, S3, #18 (100)

90. PT 31, S3, #23 (102) (flawed)

91. PT 32, S1, #16 (123)

92. PT 32, S1, #22 (125)

93. PT 32, S4, #21 (144) (flawed)

94. PT 33, S1, #23 (158)

95. PT 33, S3, #18 (173) (flawed)

96. PT 33, S3, #22 (174)

97. PT 34, S2, #6 (195)

98. PT 34, S2, #24 (201) (flawed)

99. PT 34, S3, #23 (208) (flawed)

100. PT 34, S3, #25 (209) (exchange)

101. PT 35, S1, #24 (227) (flawed)

102. PT 35, S4, #6 (241) (flawed)

103. PT 35, S4, #23 (246)

104. PT 36, S1, #21 (260) (flawed)

105. PT 36, S3, #19 (275) (flawed)

106. PT 37, S2, #21 (301) (flawed)

107. PT 37, S2, #26 (303)

108. PT 37, S4, #4 (309) (flawed)

109. PT 37, S4, #14 (312)

110. PT 38, S1, #16 (326) (flawed)

111. PT 38, S1, #22 (328)

112. PT 38, S4, #17 (346) (flawed)

113. PT 43, S2, #11 (22)

114. PT 43, S2, #24 (26)

115. PT 43, S3, #22 (33) (flawed)

116. PT 43, S3, #25 (34)

117. PT 44, S2, #22 (25) (flawed)

118. PT 44, S4, #19 (35) (flawed) (necessary/sufficient)

119. PT 44, S4, #21 (36)

120. PT 45, S1, #11 (14) (flawed)

121. PT 45, S1, #25 (18)

122. PT 45, S4, #20 (36) (flawed)

123. PT 46, S2, #18 (23)

124. PT 46, S2, #20 (23) (flawed)

125. PT 46, S3, #19 (30) (flawed)

126. PT 47, S1, #15 (13)

127. PT 47, S1, #21 (15) (flawed)

128. PT 47, S3, #25 (32) (flawed)

129. PT 48, S1, #12 (13)

130. PT 48, S1, #23 (16) (flawed)

131. PT 48, S4, #4 (31) (flawed)

132. PT 48, S4, #22 (36)

133. PT 49, S2, #24 (19)

134. PT 49, S2, #26 (20) (flawed)

135. PT 49, S4, #17 (33)

136. PT 49, S4, #24 (36) (flawed) (numbers/percentages)

137. PT 50, S2, #17 (23) (flawed)

138. PT 50, S4, #14 (34)

139. PT 50, S4, #24 (37) (flawed)

140. PT 51, S1, #5 (10)

141. PT 51, S1, #20 (15) (flawed) (necessary/sufficient)

142. PT 51, S3, #22 (31) (flawed)

143. PT 51, S3, #24 (32)

144. JN 07, S2, #2 (6)

145. JN 07, S2, #12 (9)

146. JN 07, S3, #20 (20) (flawed)

147. PT 52, S1, #3 (11)

148. PT 52, S1, #16 (14) (flawed)

149. PT 52, S3, #24 (29) (flawed) (necessary/sufficient)

150. PT 53, S1, #19 (15)

151. PT 53, S1, #21 (16) (flawed)

152. PT 53, S3, #23 (28)

153. PT 54, S2, #21 (24) (flawed)

154. PT 54, S2, #23 (24)

155. PT 54, S4, #8 (32) (flawed)

156. PT 54, S4, #25 (37)

157. PT 55, S1, #1 (10) (flawed)

158. PT 55, S3, #15 (30)

159. PT 55, S3, #23 (33) (flawed)

160. PT 56, S2, #7 (15) (flawed)

161. PT 56, S3, #14 (25) (flawed)

162. PT 56, S3, #24 (29)

163. PT 57, S2, #8 (16) (flawed)

164. PT 57, S2, #19 (19)

165. PT 57, S3, #15 (26) (flawed) (necessary/sufficient)

166. PT 57, S3, #20 (28)

167. PT 58, S1, #7 (12) (flawed)

168. PT 58, S4, #22 (36) (flawed) (necessary/sufficient)

169. PT 59, S2, #9 (7) (flawed)

170. PT 59, S2, #16 (9)

171. PT 59, S3, #15 (17) (flawed)

STRENGTHEN

1. PT 7, S1, #15 (20)

2. PT 7, S1, #23 (22) (numbers/percentages)

3. PT 7, S4, #1 (36)

4. PT 9, S2, #9 (60)

5. PT 9, S4, #17 (74)

6. PT 10, S1, #9 (86) (LEAST)

7. PT 10, S4, #2 (104)

8. PT 10, S4, #11 (107)

9. PT 11, S2, #6 (123)

10. PT 11, S4, #18 (143)

11. PT 12, S1, #11 (155)

12. PT 12, S1, #15 (156)

13. PT 12, S1, #19 (157) (numbers/percentages)

14. PT 13, S2, #5 (191)

15. PT 13, S4, #23 (213)

16. PT 14, S2, #6 (225)

17. PT 14, S2, #7 (226)

18. PT 15, S2, #3 (262)

19. PT 15, S3, #6 (271) (principle)

20. PT 15, S3, #8 (272)

21. PT 15, S3, #10 (272)

22. PT 15, S3, #23 (276)

23. PT 16, S2, #18 (297)

24. PT 16, S2, #21 (298)

25. PT 16, S3, #23 (306) (principle)

26. PT 18, S2, #16 (330)

27. PT 18, S4, #5 (343)

28. PT 18, S4, #16 (346) (principle)

29. PT 19, S2, #21 (26)

30. PT 19, S4, #7 (37)

31. PT 19, S4, #15 (39)

32. PT 20, S1, #9 (52)

33. PT 20, S4, #24 (77) (principle)

34. PT 21, S2, #16 (92) (principle)

35. PT 21, S2, #23 (95)

36. PT 22, S2, #9 (128)

37. PT 22, S4, #8 (140)

38. PT 23, S2, #14 (159) (provides strongest defense)

39. PT 23, S2, #16 (160)

40. PT 23, S2, #18 (160)

41. PT 23, S3, #10 (166)

42. PT 23, S3, #13 (167)

43. PT 24, S2, #9 (196) (principle)

44. PT 24, S2, #25 (201) (principle)

45. PT 24, S3, #23 (208)

46. PT 24, S3, #26 (209) (principle)

47. PT 25, S2, #4 (229) (principle)

48. PT 25, S2, #10 (231)

49. PT 25, S2, #23 (235) (principle) (necessary/sufficient)

50. PT 25, S4, #6 (241)

51. PT 26, S2, #11 (260)

52. PT 26, S3, #3 (266)

53. PT 27, S1, #5 (289)

54. PT 27, S1, #18 (293)

55. PT 27, S1, #2 (308)

56. PT 28, S1, #4 (323) (principle)

57. PT 28, S1, #15 (326)

58. PT 28, S1, #26 (329) (LEAST)

59. PT 28, S3, #6 (335)

60. PT 28, S3, #9 (336)

61. PT 28, S3, #24 (340)

62. PT 29, S4, #1 (36)

63. PT 29, S4, #11 (39)

64. PT 30, S2, #3 (55)

65. PT 30, S2, #4 (55) (numbers/percentages)

66. PT 30, S2, #21 (60)

67. PT 30, S4, #12 (73)

68. PT 30, S4, #18 (75)

69. PT 30, S4, #20 (75)

70. PT 31, S2, #5 (89) (resolve the paradox)

71. PT 31, S2, #24 (95) (principle)

72. PT 31, S3, #9 (98)

73. PT 32, S4, #8 (140) (principle)

74. PT 32, S4, #9 (140)

75. PT 32, S4, #11 (141)

76. PT 33, S1, #1 (152)

77. PT 33, S1, #6 (153)

78. PT 33, S3, #4 (169)

79. PT 33, S3, #9 (170)

80. PT 33, S3, #20 (173)

81. PT 34, S2, #14 (197)

82. PT 34, S2, #20 (199) (principle)

83. PT 34, S3, #24 (208)

72. PT 35, S1, #2 (220) (principle)

84. PT 35, S4, #10 (242)

75. PT 35, S4, #11 (243) (principle)

78. PT 36, S1, #15 (258) (principle)

85. PT 36, S3, #7 (272)

86. PT 36, S3, #11 (273)

83. PT 36, S3, #20 (276) (principle)

87. PT 36, S3, #26 (277)

88. PT 37, S2, #1 (296)

89. PT 37, S2, #6 (297)

85. PT 37, S2, #22 (302) (principle)

86. PT 37, S2, #24 (302) (principle)

90. PT 37, S4, #25 (315)

91. PT 38, S1, #3 (322) (principle)

92. PT 38, S1, #4 (322)

91. PT 38, S4, #4 (343) (principle)

93. PT 43, S2, #14 (22)

95. PT 43, S2, #21 (25) (principle)

96. PT 43, S3, #7 (29) (principle)

93. PT 43, S3, #10 (29)

97. PT 43, S3, #11 (30) (principle)

94. PT 44, S2, #7 (30)

95. PT 44, S2, #15 (23)

100. PT 44, S4, #2 (31) (principle)

96. PT 44, S4, #14 (34)

97. PT 45, S1, #19 (16)

98. PT 45, S1, #26 (18)

99. PT 45, S4, #7 (33)

107. PT 45, S4, #25 (38) (principle)

100. PT 46, S2, #5 (19) (principle)

101. PT 46, S2, #16 (22)

102. PT 46, S2, #19 (23)

103. PT 46, S3, #22 (32) (numbers/percentages)

111. PT 47, S1, #3 (9) (principle)

104. PT 47, S1, #11 (11)

105. PT 47, S1, #26 (16)

106. PT 47, S3, #2 (25)

115. PT 47, S3, #26 (32) (principle)

107. PT 48, S1, #3 (10)

108. PT 48, S1, #7 (11)

116. PT 48, S1, #9 (12) (principle)

109. PT 48, S1, #10 (12)

117. PT 48, S1 #16 (14)

110. PT 48, S4, #2 (30)

124. PT 49, S2, #15 (17) (principle)

128. PT 49, S4, #21 (35) (principle)

111. PT 50, S2, #13 (21)

112. PT 50, S4, #23 (36)

113. PT 51, S1, #24 (16)

114. PT 51, S3, #3 (25)

115. PT 51, S3, #25 (32)

116. JN 07, S3, #13 (17)

117. JN 07, S3, #19 (19)

118. PT 52, S1, #4 (11)

119. PT 52, S3, #3 (22)

120. PT 53, S1, #6 (11)

121. PT 53, S1, #10 (12)

122. PT 53, S3, #1 (22)

123. PT 53, S3, #11 (25)

124. PT 54, S2, #24 (25)

125. PT 54, S4, #1 (30)

126. PT 54, S4, #20 (35)

127. PT 55, S1, #23 (16)

128. PT 55, S3, #14 (29)

129. PT 56, S2, #14 (17)

130. PT 56, S2, #24 (21)

131. PT 56, S3, #8 (24)

132. PT 56, S3, #13 (25)

133. PT 57, S2, #5 (15)

134. PT 57, S2, #22 (20)

135. PT 57, S3, #9 (24)

136. PT 58, S1, #3 (11)

137. PT 58, S4, #23 (36)

138. PT 59, S2, #1 (5)

139. PT 59, S2, #3 (6)

140. PT 59, S2, #5 (6)

141. PT 59, S2, #22 (10)

142. PT 59, S3, #11 (16)

RESOLVE THE PARADOX/EXPLAIN A PHENOMENON

1. PT 7, S1, #11 (19)

2. PT 7, S1, #25 (23)

3. PT 7, S4, #17 (41)

4. PT 9, S2, #6 (59)

5. PT 9, S2, #8 (60)

6. PT 9, S4, #3 (70)

7. PT 10, S1, #2 (84)

8. PT 10, S1, #14 (87)

9. PT 10, S4, #17 (109)

10. PT 10, S4, #23 (111) (LEAST helpful)

11. PT 11, S2, #23 (128)

12. PT 11, S4, #1 (138)

13. PT 12, S1, #4 (153)

14. PT 12, S1, #7 (154)

15. PT 12, S1, #12 (155)

16. PT 12, S4, #12 (175)

17. PT 12, S4, #22 (178)

18. PT 13, S2, #3 (190)

19. PT 13, S2, #15 (194)

20. PT 13, S2, #19 (195)

21. PT 13, S4, #2 (206)

22. PT 13, S4, #10 (208)

23. PT 13, S4, #13 (209)

24. PT 14, S2, #1 (224)

25. PT 14, S2, #3 (225)

26. PT 14, S4, #1 (240)

27. PT 14, S4, #3 (241)

28. PT 15, S2, #5 (263)

29. PT 15, S2, #10 (265)

30. PT 15, S3, #20 (275)

31. PT 16, S2, #1 (292) (numbers/percentages)

32. PT 16, S2, #4 (293)

33. PT 16, S2, #15 (296)

34. PT 16, S3, #10 (302)

35. PT 16, S3, #17 (304)

36. PT 18, S2, #11 (329) (numbers/percentages)

37. PT 18, S2, #19 (332)

38. PT 18, S2, #22 (333)

39. PT 18, S4, #13 (345)

40. PT 18, S4, #15 (346)

41. PT 19, S2, #5 (21)

42. PT 19, S4, #20 (41)

43. PT 19, S4, #23 (42)

44. PT 20, S1, #18 (55)

45. PT 21, S2, #2 (88)

46. PT 21, S2, #4 (89)

47. PT 21, S3, #3 (96)

48. PT 21, S3, #7 (97)

49. PT 22, S2, #21 (131) (numbers/percentages)

50. PT 22, S4, #17 (142)

51. PT 23, S2, #22 (161)

52. PT 23, S3, #2 (164)

53. PT 24, S2, #18 (199) (numbers/percentages)

54. PT 25, S2, #14 (232)

55. PT 25, S2, #17 (233) (LEAST helpful)

56. PT 25, S4, #13 (244)

57. PT 26, S2, #14 (261)

58. PT 26, S2, #18 (263)

59. PT 26, S3, #1 (266)

60. PT 26, S3, #18 (271)

61. PT 27, S1, #7 (290)

62. PT 27, S4, #8 (310)

63. PT 28, S1, #8 (324)

64. PT 28, S1, #17 (326)

65. PT 28, S3, #3 (334)

66. PT 29, S1, #4 (16)

67. PT 29, S1, #10 (18)

68. PT 31, S2, #11 (91)

69. PT 31, S3, #2 (96)

70. PT 31, S3, #7 (97)

71. PT 32, S1, #2 (118)

72. PT 32, S4, #5 (139)

73. PT 32, S4, #17 (142)

74. PT 33, S1, #8 (154) (LEAST helpful)

75. PT 33, S1, #14 (156)

76. PT 33, S3, #1 (168)

77. PT 34, S2, #5 (195)

78. PT 34, S2, #7 (196)

79. PT 35, S1, #21 (226)

80. PT 35, S1, #25 (227)

81. PT 35, S4, #4 (241)

82. PT 35, S4, #12 (243)

83. PT 36, S1, #9 (257)

84. PT 36, S1, #13 (258)

85. PT 36, S3, #1 (270)

86. PT 37, S4, #5 (309)

87. PT 38, S1, #9 (324)

88. PT 43, S2, #3 (19)

89. PT 43, S2, #15 (23)

90. PT 43, S2, #25 (26)

91. PT 43, S3, #13 (31)

92. PT 44, S2, #3 (19)

93. PT 44, S2, #10 (21)

94. PT 44, S4, #25 (38)

95. PT 45, S4, #5 (32)

96. PT 46, S2, #6 (19)

97. PT 46, S2, #1 (26)

98. PT 47, S1, #6 (10)

99. PT 48, S1, #22 (15)

100. PT 48, S4, #7 (32)

101. PT 48, S4, #19 (35)

102. PT 48, S4, #24 (36)

103. PT 49, S2, #2 (13)

104. PT 49, S4, #11 (31)

105. PT 50, S2, #8 (20)

106. PT 50, S2, #21 (24)

107. PT 50, S4, #16 (34)

108. PT 51, S1, #3 (9)

109. PT 51, S1, #22 (15)

110. PT 51, S3, #8 (26)

111. PT 51, S3, #10 (27)

112. JN 07, S2, #25 (13)

113. PT 52, S1, #14 (14)

114. PT 52, S3, #20 (27)

115. PT 52, S3, #22 (28)

116. PT 54, S2, #4 (18)

117. PT 54, S4, #6 (31)

118. PT 54, S4, #13 (34)

119. PT 54, S4, #21 (36)

120. PT 55, S1, #13 (13)

121. PT 55, S3, #1 (26)

122. PT 56, S2, #13 (17)

123. PT 56, S2, #22 (20)

124. PT 56, S3, #7 (23)

125. PT 57, S2, #3 (15)

126. PT 57, S3, #1 (22)

127. PT 57, S3, #4 (23)

128. PT 57, S3, #7 (23)

129. PT 58, S1, #17 (14) (numbers/percentages)

130. PT 58, S4, #1 (30)

131. PT 58, S4, #7 (31)

132. PT 58, S4, #20 (35)

133. PT 59, S2, #11 (8)

134. PT 59, S3, #1 (13)

135. PT 59, S3, #4 (14)

METHOD OF REASONING

1. PT 7, S1, #6 (17)

2. PT 7, S1, #7 (18)

3. PT 7, S4, #16 (41)

4. PT 7, S4, #20 (42)

5. PT 7, S4, #21 (42)

6. PT 9, S2, #11 (61)

7. PT 9, S2, #15 (62)

8. PT 9, S4, #9 (72)

9. PT 10, S1, #4 (84)

10. PT 10, S1, #12 (86)

11. PT 10, S4, #25 (111)

12. PT 11, S2, #3 (122)

13. PT 11, S2, #8 (124)

14. PT 11, S2, #14 (125)

15. PT 11, S4, #10 (141)

16. PT 11, S4, #12 (141)

17. PT 12, S1, #6 (153)

18. PT 12, S4, #14 (176)

19. PT 13, S2, #2 (190)

20. PT 13, S2, #17 (194)

21. PT 13, S4, #1 (206)

22. PT 13, S4, #6 (207)

23. PT 14, S2, #8 (226)

24. PT 14, S4, #16 (244)

25. PT 14, S4, #24 (247)

26. PT 15, S2, #24 (269)

27. PT 15, S3, #15 (274)

28. PT 15, S3, #17 (274) (relationship between two arguments)

29. PT 16, S2, #17 (297) (relationship between two arguments)

30. PT 16, S2, #23 (299)

31. PT 16, S3, #7 (302) (relationship between two arguments)

32. PT 16, S3, #20 (305)

33. PT 16, S3, #25 (307)

34. PT 18, S2 #1 (326)

35. PT 18, S2, #7 (328)

36. PT 18, S2, #12 (329)

37. PT 18, S4, #21 (348) (relationship between two arguments)

38. PT 19, S2, #6 (21)

39. PT 19, S2, #8 (22)

40. PT 19, S2, #11 (23)

41. PT 19, S4, #2 (36)

42. PT 19, S4, #18 (40)

43. PT 19, S4, #25 (43)

44. PT 20, S1, #8 (52)

45. PT 20, S1, #21 (56)

46. PT 20, S1, #25 (57)

47. PT 20, S4, #4 (70)

48. PT 21, S2, #9 (90)

49. PT 21, S2, #12 (91)

50. PT 21, S2, #24 (95)

51. PT 21, S3, #14 (99)

52. PT 21, S3, #20 (101)

53. PT 22, S2, #3 (126)

54. PT 22, S2, #11 (128)

55. PT 22, S2, #13 (129)

56. PT 22, S4, #23 (144)

57. PT 23, S2, #1 (156)

58. PT 23, S2, #3 (156)

59. PT 23, S2, #15 (159)

60. PT 23, S3, #8 (166)

61. PT 24, S2, #3 (194)

62. PT 24, S3, #3 (203)

63. PT 24, S3, #17 (206)

64. PT 25, S4, #19 (245)

65. PT 25, S4, #21 (246)

66. PT 26, S3, #2 (266)

67. PT 26, S3, #16 (270)

68. PT 27, S1, #6 (290)

69. PT 27, S4, #12 (311)

70. PT 27, S4, #21 (314)

71. PT 28, S1, #7 (323)

72. PT 28, S3, #7 (335)

73. PT 28, S3, #10 (336) (necessary/sufficient)

74. PT 29, S1, #2 (16)

75. PT 29, S1, #12 (19)

76. PT 30, S2, #7 (56)

77. PT 30, S4, #16 (74)

78. PT 31, S3, #20 (101)

79. PT 32, S1, #8 (120)

80. PT 32, S4, #1 (138)

81. PT 33, S1, #2 (152)

82. PT 33, S3, #12 (171)

83. PT 34, S2, #8 (196)

84. PT 34, S3, #8 (204)

85. PT 35, S1, #5 (221)

86. PT 35, S1, #11 (223)

87. PT 35, S4, #25 (247)

88. PT 36, S1, #1 (254)

89. PT 36, S1, #7 (256)

90. PT 36, S3, #8 (272)

91. PT 36, S3, #10 (273) (relationship between two arguments)

92. PT 36, S3, #24 (277)

93. PT 37, S2, #10 (298)

94. PT 37, S2, #13 (299)

95. PT 37, S4, #10 (311)

96. PT 37, S4, #24 (315) (relationship between two arguments)

97. PT 45, S1, #4 (12)

98. PT 45, S1, #7 (12)

99. PT 45, S4, #12 (34)

100. PT 46, S2, #17 (21)

101. PT 46, S3, #10 (28)

102. PT 47, S1, #10 (11)

103. PT 47, S3, #20 (30)

104. PT 49, S4, #15 (33)

105. JN 07, S2, #20 (12) (numbers/percentages)

106. PT 52, S3, #5 (23)

107. PT 53, S3, #24 (29)

108. PT 54, S2, #10 (20)

109. PT 54, S4, #2 (30)

110. PT 55, S1, #3 (10)

111. PT 56, S2, #9 (16)

112. PT 56, S2, #11 (16)

113. PT 56, S3, #6 (23)

114. PT 57, S3, #5 (23)

115. PT 58, S1, #6 (11)

116. PT 58, S1, #26 (17)

117. PT 58, S4, #12 (33)

118. PT 59, S3, #14 (17)

119. PT 59, S3, #23 (19)

PRINCIPLE

1. PT 9, S2, #18 (63)

2. PT 9, S4, #11 (72)

3. PT 10, S1, #23 (90)

4. PT 10, S4, #6 (105)

5. PT 10, S4, #15 (108)

6. PT 12, S4, #13 (176)

7. PT 12, S4, #18 (177)

8. PT 13, S4, #22 (212) (violated)

9. PT 14, S4, #2 (240)

10. PT 16, S2, #8 (294) (violated)

11. PT 16, S2, #12 (295)

12. PT 19, S2, #10 (22)

13. PT 22, S4, #7 (140)

14. PT 23, S2, #13 (159)

15. PT 23, S3, #24 (170) (necessary/sufficient)

16. PT 24, S2, #22 (200)

17. PT 24, S3, #24 (208) (necessary/sufficient)

18. PT 25, S2, #8 (231)

19. PT 25, S2, #11 (232)

20. PT 25, S2, #25 (235)

21. PT 25, S4, #5 (241)

22. PT 25, S4, #14 (244)

23. PT 26, S2, #2 (258)

24. PT 26, S3, #23 (272)

25. PT 26, S3, #25 (273) (parallelism)

26. PT 27, S4, #1 (308)

27. PT 27, S4, #3 (309)

28. PT 28, S1, #10 (324) (necessary/sufficient)

29. PT 28, S3, #23 (340)

30. PT 29, S1, #19 (21)

31. PT 29, S4, #10 (38)

32. PT 29, S4, #17 (40)

33. PT 30, S2, #5 (55)

34. PT 31, S2, #22 (94)

35. PT 32, S1, #3 (119)

36. PT 32, S4, #3 (139)

37. PT 32, S4, #18 (143)

38. PT 33, S1, #18 (157)

39. PT 34, S3, #1 (202)

40. PT 35, S1, #7 (222)

41. PT 36, S1, #5 (255) (violated)

42. PT 36, S1, #17 (259) (parallelism)

43. PT 36, S3, #15 (274)

44. PT 37, S2, #18 (300)

45. PT 38, S1, #7 (323)

46. PT 38, S4, #23 (348)

47. PT 43, S3, #3 (28)

48. PT 43, S3, #5 (28) (necessary/sufficient)

49. PT 43, S3, #26 (34)

50. PT 44, S2, #12 (22) (parallelism)

51. PT 44, S2, #17 (23) (numbers/percentages)

52. PT 44, S4, #4 (31)

53. PT 44, S4, #13 (34)

54. PT 45, S1, #9 (13)

55. PT 45, S4, #2 (31) (parallelism)

56. PT 45, S4, #21 (37)

57. PT 46, S2, #3 (18)

58. PT 46, S2, #15 (21)

59. PT 46, S2, #21 (24) (parallelism)

60. PT 46, S3, #8 (27)

61. PT 46, S3, #12 (28) (parallelism)

62. PT 46, S3, #14 (29)

63. PT 47, S1, #5 (10)

64. PT 47, S1, #7 (10)

65. PT 47, S3, #18 (29) (parallelism)

66. PT 47, S3, #22 (31)

67. PT 48, S1, #4 (11)

68. PT 48, S1, #11 (12)

69. PT 48, S4, #6 (31)

70. PT 49, S2, #3 (13)

71. PT 49, S4, #9 (31)

72. PT 50, S2, #23 (25) (parallelism)

73. PT 50, S2, #25 (25)

74. PT 50, S4, #3 (30)

75. PT 50, S4, #20 (35)

76. PT 51, S1, #9 (11)

77. PT 51, S1, #17 (14)

78. PT 51, S3, #5 (26)

79. PT 51, S3, #7 (26)

80. JN 07, S2, #7 (8)

81. JN 07, S2, #24 (13)

82. JN 07, S3, #1 (14)

83. JN 07, S3, #6 (15)

84. JN 07, S3, #14 (18)

85. PT 52, S1, #22 (16)

86. PT 52, S3, #1 (22)

87. PT 52, S3, #11 (25)

88. PT 52, S3, #25 (29)

89. PT 53, S1, #5 (11)

90. PT 53, S1, #17 (14)

91. PT 53, S3, #18 (27)

92. PT 54, S2, #8 (19)

93. PT 54, S2, #18 (22)

94. PT 54, S4, #17 (35)

95. PT 55, S1, #11 (13)

96. PT 55, S1, #16 (14)

97. PT 55, S1, #21 (15)

98. PT 56, S2, #18 (19) (parallelism)

99. PT 56, S3, #23 (28)

100. PT 57, S2, #1 (14)

101. PT 57, S2, #10 (17)

102. PT 57, S3, #14 (25) (violated)

103. PT 57, S3, #16 (26)

104. PT 58, S1, #2 (10)

105. PT 58, S1, #4 (11)

106. PT 58, S1, #21 (16)

107. PT 58, S1, #23 (16)

108. PT 58, S4, #4 (31)

109. PT 58, S4, #16 (34)

110. PT 58, S4, #37 (25)

111. PT 59, S2, #23 (11)

112. PT 59, S3, #6 (15)

113. PT 59, S3, #18 (18)

EXCEPT

1. PT 7, S1, #19 (21) (could be true)

2. PT 9, S2, #17 (62) (could be true) (numbers/percentages)

3. PT 10, S1, #19 (88) (weaken)

4. PT 12, S2, #25 (159) (must be true) (formal logic)

5. PT 13, S2, #25 (197) (must be true)

6. PT 13, S4, #14 (209) (must be true) (formal logic)

7. PT 13, S4, #21 (212) (MSS)

8. PT 14, S2, #2 (224) (which does NOT meet requirements?)

9. PT 14, S2, #5 (225) (resolve the paradox)

10. PT 14, S2, #24 (231) (weaken)

11. PT 18, S2 #5 (327) (method of reasoning)

12. PT 18, S2, #23 (333) (could be true) (necessary/sufficient)

13. PT 18, S4, #23 (348) (weaken)

14. PT 20, S1, #7 (51) (must be true)

15. PT 20, S1, #20 (56) (necessary assumption)

16. PT 20, S4, #5 (71) (strengthen)

17. PT 20, S4, #23 (76) (weaken)

18. PT 20, S4, #26 (77) (resolve the paradox)

19. PT 22, S2, #8 (128) (weaken)

20. PT 22, S2, #19 (131) (necessary assumption)

21. PT 22, S4, #15 (142) (strengthen) (principle)

22. PT 23, S2, #26 (163) (weaken)

23. PT 23, S3, #15 (168) (strengthen)

24. PT 24, S2, #4 (194) (strengthen)

25. PT 24, S2, #7 (195) (weaken)

26. PT 24, S2, #19 (200) (weaken)

27. PT 24, S2, #20 (200) (weaken)

28. PT 24, S3, #14 (205) (resolve the paradox)

29. PT 24, S3, #22 (208) (weaken)

30. PT 25, S4, #11 (243) (weaken)

31. PT 25, S4, #15 (244) (could be true)

32. PT 25, S4, #16 (244) (could be true)

33. PT 26, S2, #19 (263) (must be true)

34. PT 26, S2, #22 (264) (necessary assumption)

35. PT 27, S1 #25 (295) (flaw in the reasoning)

36. PT 27, S4, #16 (312) (strengthen)

37. PT 28, S1, #1 (322) (strengthen)

38. PT 28, S1, #11 (324) (could be true)

39. PT 28, S1, #23 (328) (weaken)

40. PT 28, S3 #4 (334) (supported)

41. PT 28, S3, #12 (336) (each statement conflicts with X’s view)

42. PT 28, S3, #20 (339) (flaw in the reasoning)

43. PT 29, S1, #3 (16) (strengthen)

44. PT 29, S1, #25 (23) (resolve the paradox)

45. PT 29, S4, #19 (41) (resolve the paradox)

46. PT 29, S4, #20 (41) (strengthen)

47. PT 30, S2, #12 (57) (resolve the paradox)

48. PT 30, S1, #19 (59) (principle)

49. PT 30, S4, #5 (71) (resolve the paradox)

50. PT 30, S4, #7 (71) (could be true)

51. PT 31, S2, #8 (90) (could be true)

52. PT 31, S2, #13 (92) (resolve the paradox)

53. PT 31, S3, #12 (99) (weaken)

54. PT 32, S1, #17 (123) (weaken)

55. PT 32, S1, #20 (124) (strengthen)

56. PT 32, S4, #15 (142) (flaw in the reasoning)

57. PT 33, S1, #16 (156) (each consistent with above policy)

58. PT 33, S1, #20 (157) (weaken)

59. PT 33, S1, #22 (158) (flaw in the reasoning)

60. PT 33, S3, #3 (169) (resolve the paradox)

61. PT 34, S3, #2 (202) (resolve the paradox)

62. PT 34, S3, #22 (207) (could be true)

63. PT 35, S1, #10 (222) (resolve the paradox)

64. PT 35, S1, #15 (224) (strengthen)

65. PT 35, S4, #1 (240) (supported)

66. PT 35, S4, #17 (244) (weaken)

67. PT 36, S1, #23 (260) (explains a phenomenon)

68. PT 37, S2, #8 (298) (resolve the paradox)

69. PT 37, S2, #17 (300) (resolve the paradox)

70. PT 37, S2, #20 (301) (strengthen)

71. PT 37, S4, #13 (311) (strengthen)

72. PT 38, S4, #5 (343) (strengthen)

73. PT 38, S4, #7 (343) (principle)

74. PT 38, S4, #9 (344) (resolve the paradox)

75. PT 38, S4, #25 (349) (could be true)

76. PT 43, S2, #8 (21) (strengthen)

77. PT 43, S3, #2 (27) (strengthen)

78. PT 43, S3, #15 (31) (resolve the paradox) (numbers/percentages)

79. PT 43, S3, #17 (32) (could be true)

80. PT 44, S2, #8 (21) (weaken)

81. PT 44, S4, #17 (35) (strengthen)

82. PT 44, S4, #18 (35) (could be true)

83. PT 45, S4, #11 (34) (evaluate the argument)

84. PT 45, S4, #15 (35) (resolve the paradox)

85. PT 47, S3, #11 (27) (resolve the paradox)

86. PT 47, S3, #15 (28) (explains a finding)

87. PT 48, S4, #23 (36) (weaken)

88. PT 49, S2, #4 (14) (strengthen)

89. PT 49, S2, #11 (13) (strengthen)

90. PT 49, S2, #16 (17) (could be true)

91. PT 49, S2, #21 (18) (could be true)

92. PT 49, S4, #4 (30) (strengthen)

93. PT 49, S4, #25 (36) (explain a phenomenon)

94. PT 50, S2, #5 (19) (explains a phenomenon)

95. PT 50, S2, #24 (25) (weaken)

96. JN 07, S2, #19 (11) (strengthen)

97. JN 07, S3, #2 (14) (resolve the paradox)

98. PT 52, S1, #11 (13) (explains a phenomenon)

99. PT 52, S1, #18 (15) (could be true)

100. PT 53, S1, #1 (10) (strengthen)

101. PT 53, S1, #24 (17) (explains a phenomenon)

102. PT 53, S3, #13 (25) (parallel reasoning/flaw)

103. PT 53, S3, #22 (28) (resolve the paradox)

104. PT 55, S1, #25 (17) (must be true)

105. PT 55, S3, #6 (27) (principle)

106. PT 56, S3, #22 (28) (could be true)

107. PT 58, S1, #8 (12) (resolve the paradox)

108. PT 59, S3, #17 (17) (resolve the paradox)

MAIN POINT

1. PT 7, S4, #2 (36)

2. PT 9, S2, #3 (59)

3. PT 9, S4, #18 (74)

4. PT 10, S1, #11 (86)

5. PT 11, S2, #4 (123) (structured to lead to which conclusion?)

6. PT 11, S2, #20 (127)

7. PT 11, S4, #8 (140)

8. PT 12, S1, #1 (152)

9. PT 12, S1, #9 (154)

10. PT 12, S4, #10 (175) (structured to lead to which conclusion?)

11. PT 13, S4, #3 (206)

12. PT 14, S2, #14 (228) (structured to lead to which conclusion?)

13. PT 14, S2, #19 (229)

14. PT 15, S2, #8 (264)

15. PT 15, S2, #11 (265)

16. PT 15, S3, #1 (270)

17. PT 15, S3, #4 (271)

18. PT 16, S3, #19 (305)

19. PT 18, S2, #10 (329)

20. PT 18, S4, #2 (342)

21. PT 19, S2, #17 (25) (structured to lead to which conclusion?)

22. PT 21, S2, #1 (88)

23. PT 21, S2, #14 (92)

24. PT 21, S3, #2 (96)

25. PT 21, S3, #10 (98)

26. PT 22 S2, #2 (126)

27. PT 23, S2, #2 (156)

28. PT 23, S3, #21 (169)

29. PT 23, S3, #25 (171)

30. PT 24, S2, #12 (197)

31. PT 24, S2 #15 (198)

32. PT 25, S2, #1 (228)

33. PT 25, S2, #7 (230)

34. PT 25, S4, #1 (240)

35. PT 26, S2, #8 (259)

36. PT 28, S1, #18 (327)

37. PT 28, S3, #14 (337)

38. PT 29, S1, #11 (19)

39. PT 29, S4, #6 (37)

40. PT 30, S2, #23 (60) (structured to lead to which conclusion?) (numbers and percentages)

41. PT 30, S4, #2 (70)

42. PT 31, S2, #4 (89)

43. PT 31, S3, #14 (99)

44. PT 32, S1, #13 (122)

45. PT 32, S4, #12 (141)

46. PT 33, S1, #5 (153)

47. PT 34, S2, #15 (198)

48. PT 34, S2, #18 (199)

49. PT 35, S1, #3 (221)

50. PT 35, S1, #16 (224)

51. PT 35, S1, #9 (242)

52. PT 36, S1, #6 (256)

53. PT 36, S3, #3 (271)

54. PT 36, S3, #9 (272)

55. PT 36, S3, #23 (277) (structured to lead to which conclusion?)

56. PT 38, S1, #2 (322)

57. PT 38, S4, #3 (342)

58. PT 38, S4, #11 (344)

59. PT 43, S3, #14 (31) (structured to lead to which conclusion?)

60. PT 43, S3, #23 (33)

61. PT 44, S2, #16 (23)

62. PT 45, S1, #1 (11)

63. PT 45, S1, #17 (15)

64. PT 45, S4, #1 (31)

65. PT 45, S4, #9 (33)

66. PT 46, S3, #5 (27)

67. PT 46, S3, #21 (31)

68. PT 47, S3, #6 (26)

69. PT 48, S1, #5 (11)

70. PT 48, S1, #8 (12)

71. PT 48, S4, #1 (30)

72. PT 48, S4, #12 (33)

73. PT 49, S4, #7 (30)

74. PT 50, S2, #4 (19)

75. PT 50, S2, #20 (24)

76. PT 50, S4, #25 (37)

77. PT 51, S1, #1 (9)

78. PT 51, S1, #13 (12)

79. PT 51, S3, #16 (29)

80. JN 07, S2, #1 (6)

81. JN 07, S2, #10 (8)

82. JN 07, S3, #12 (17)

83. PT 52, S1, #1 (10)

84. PT 52, S3, #2 (22)

85. PT 53, S1, #4 (10)

86. PT 53, S3, #3 (23)

87. PT 53, S3, #5 (23)

88. PT 54, S2, #11 (20)

89. PT 54, S4, #11 (33)

90. PT 55, S1, #18 (14)

91. PT 55, S3, #13 (29)

92. PT 55, S3, #20 (32)

93. PT 56, S3, #5 (23)

94. PT 56, S3, #19 (27)

95. PT 57, S3, #3 (22)

96. PT 58, S1, #13 (13)

97. PT 58, S4, #3 (30)

98. PT 59, S2, #10 (7)

99. PT 59, S3, #9 (15)

POINT AT ISSUE

1. PT 10, S4, #7 (106)

2. PT 11, S4, #2 (138)

3. PT 13, S2, #11 (193)

4. PT 13, S4, #7 (207)

5. PT 14, S4, #11 (243)

6. PT 16, S2, #13 (295)

7. PT 16, S3, #4 (301)

8. PT 19, S2, #16 (24)

9. PT 19, S4, #16 (40)

10. PT 20, S1, #13 (53)

11. PT 20, S4, #21 (76)

12. PT 22, S4, #3 (139)

13. PT 22, S4, #10 (140)

14. PT 24, S2, #14 (198)

15. PT 24, S3, #1 (202)

16. PT 25, S4, #22 (246)

17. PT 26, S2, #3 (258)

18. PT 26, S2, #24 (265)

19. PT 27, S1, #1 (288)

20. PT 27, S4, #11 (311)

21. PT 28, S1, #6 (323)

22. PT 29, S1, #1 (16)

23. PT 29, S1, #9 (18)

24. PT 29, S4, #13 (39)

25. PT 29, S4, #16 (40)

26. PT 30, S2, #10 (56) (numbers/percentages)

27. PT 30, S4, #21 (76)

28. PT 31, S2, #1 (88)

29. PT 31, S3, #3 (96) (most strongly supported)

30. PT 31, S3, #19 (101)

31. PT 32, S4, #20 (143)

32. PT 33, S1, #3 (153)

33. PT 33, S3, #19 (173)

34. PT 34, S3, #7 (204)

35. PT 34, S3, #15 (206)

36. PT 35, S1, #26 (227)

37. PT 36, S3, #4 (271)

38. PT 37, S2, #11 (298)

39. PT 37, S2, #23 (302)

40. PT 37, S4, #7 (309)

41. PT 38, S1, #5 (323)

42. PT 38, S4, #26 (349)

43. PT 43, S2, #1 (19)

44. PT 43, S2, #13 (22)

45. PT 43, S2, #19 (24)

46. PT 43, S3, #6 (28)

47. PT 44, S2, #6 (20)

48. PT 44, S4, #10 (33)

49. PT 45, S1, #6 (12)

50. PT 45, S1, #10 (14)

51. PT 45, S4, #8 (33)

52. PT 46, S2, #1 (18)

53. PT 46, S2, #9 (20)

54. PT 47, S1, #4 (10)

55. PT 47, S1, #25 (16)

56. PT 47, S3, #5 (26)

57. PT 47, S3, #9 (27)

58. PT 49, S2, #1 (13)

59. PT 49, S2, #10 (15)

60. PT 50, S2, #11 (21)

61. PT 50, S4, #8 (31)

62. PT 51, S4, #23 (15)

63. JN 07, S2, #16 (11)

64. JN 07, S3, #3 (14)

65. JN 07, S3, #7 (15)

66. PT 52, S3, #10 (24)

67. PT 53, S1, #2 (10)

68. PT 56, S2, #2 (14)

69. PT 56, S2, #17 (18)

70. PT 56, S2, #21 (20)

71. PT 57, S2, #11 (17)

72. PT 58, S2, #2 (5)

ARGUMENT PART/ROLE OF A STATEMENT

1. PT 7, S1, #18 (21)

2. PT 9, S2, #20 (63)

3. PT 9, S4, #20 (75)

4. PT 10, S4, #13 (108)

5. PT 11, S4, #24 (145)

6. PT 12, S1, #3 (152)

7. PT 14, S2, #9 (226)

8. PT 15, S2, #14 (266)

9. PT 15, S3, #11 (272)

10. PT 19, S4, #17 (40)

11. PT 20, S4, #9 (72)

12. PT 23, S2, #11 (158)

13. PT 24, S2, #10 (196)

14. PT 26, S3, #4 (267)

15. PT 27, S1, #14 (292)

16. PT 27, S1, #17 (293)

17. PT 27, S4, #24 (315)

18. PT 29, S4, #2 (36)

19. PT 29, S4, #15 (40)

20. PT 30, S4, #3 (70)

21. PT 30, S4, #13 (73)

22. PT 31, S2, #12 (91)

23. PT 31, S3, #16 (100)

24. PT 32, S1, #15 (122)

25. PT 32, S4, #23 (145)

26. PT 33, S3, #14 (171)

27. PT 34, S2, #22 (200)

28. PT 34, S3, #14 (205)

29. PT 34, S3, #26 (209)

30. PT 35, S1, #1 (220)

31. PT 35, S1, #9 (222)

32. PT 35, S4, #2 (240)

33. PT 35, S4, #15 (244)

34. PT 36, S3, #6 (271)

35. PT 38, S1, #18 (327)

36. PT 38, S4, #18 (346)

37. PT 43, S2, #2 (19)

38. PT 43, S2, #23 (25)

39. PT 44, S2, #19 (24)

40. PT 44, S2, #24 (26)

41. PT 44, S4, #6 (32)

42. PT 44, S4, #24 (37)

43. PT 45, S4, #23 (37)

44. PT 46, S3, #16 (29)

45. PT 46, S3, #18 (30)

46. PT 48, S4, #5 (31)

47. PT 49, S2, #12 (16)

48. PT 50, S2, #15 (22)

49. PT 50, S2, #19 (23)

50. PT 50, S4, #6 (31)

51. PT 51, S1, #14 (13)

52. PT 51, S3, #23 (31)

53. JN 07, S2, #11 (9)

54. PT 52, S3, #17 (26)

55. PT 53, S1, #11 (12)

56. PT 53, S1, #14 (13)

57. PT 53, S3, #20 (25)

58. PT 54, S2, #17 (22)

59. PT 54, S4, #15 (34)

60. PT 55, S1, #19 (15)

61. PT 55, S3, #7 (27)

62. PT 56, S2, #25 (21)

63. PT 57, S2, #13 (17)

64. PT 57, S2, #16 (18)

65. PT 57, S2, #21 (20)

66. PT 57, S3, #21 (28)

67. PT 59, S2, #7 (7)

68. PT 59, S2, #18 (9)

FILL IN THE BLANK

1. PT 7, S1, #5 (17)

2. PT 7, S4, #18 (41)

3. PT 10, S4, #24 (111)

4. PT 13, S2, #9 (192)

5. PT 15, S3, #21 (275)

6. PT 18, S2, #18 (331)

7. PT 18, S4, #4 (343)

8. PT 19, S2, #19 (25)

9. PT 20, S4, #13 (73)

10. PT 25, S2, #3 (229)

11. PT 26, S3, #7 (267)

12. PT 34, S3, #12 (205)

13. PT 37, S2, #9 (298)

14. PT 37, S4, #1 (308)

15. PT 37, S4, #8 (310)

16. PT 38, S1, #19 (327)

17. PT 38, S4, #10 (344)

18. PT 44, S4, #8 (32)

19. PT 44, S4, #23 (37)

20. PT 47, S1, #13 (12)

21. PT 47, S3, #12 (28)

22. PT 48, S1, #6 (11)

23. JN 07, S2, #3 (7)

24. JN 07, S2, #8 (8)

25. JN 07, S3, #10 (16)

26. JN 07, S3, #16 (18)

27. PT 52, S1, #13 (13)

28. PT 53, S3, #7 (24)

29. PT 54, S2, #7 (19)

30. PT 55, S1, #3 (26) (strengthen)

31. PT 57, S2, #2 (14)

32. PT 57, S2, #18 (19)

33. PT 59, S2, #12 (8)

34. PT 59, S2, #24 (11)

EVALUATE THE ARGUMENT

1. PT 7, S1, #22 (22)

2. PT 7, S4, #8 (38)

3. PT 9, S4, #8 (71) (least important)

4. PT 10, S1, #6 (85)

5. PT 11, S2, #2 (122)

6. PT 13, S2, #22 (196)

7. PT 15, S2, #22 (268)

8. PT 15, S3, #16 (274)

9. PT 19, S4, #22 (42)

10. PT 20, S4, #7 (71)

11. PT 21, S3, #11 (98)

12. PT 24, S2, #16 (198)

13. PT 27, S4, #6 (309)

14. PT 28, S3, #13 (337) (which would resolve dispute in favor of one party to it?)

15. PT 36, S1, #24 (260)

16. PT 38, S4, #19 (346)

17. PT 46, S3, #3 (26)

18. PT 49, S4, #2 (29)

19. PT 51, S1, #2 (9)

CANNOT BE TRUE/MOST WEAKENED

1. PT 7, S4, #12 (39)

2. PT 19, S4, #13 (39)

3. PT 25, S4, #26 (247)

4. PT 26, S3, #12 (269)

5. PT 28, S1, #20 (327)

6. PT 29, S4, #22 (42)

7. PT 31, S2, #15 (92)

8. PT 48, S4, #18 (34)

9. PT 49, S4, #5 (30) (formal logic)

10. PT 57, S2, #23 (21)

INTERPRETS TO MEAN

1. PT 7, S1, #3 (16)

2. PT 18, S2, #14 (330)

3. PT 28, S1, #25 (329)

4. PT 31, S3, #15 (99)

5. PT 32, S4, #25 (145)

6. PT 33, S3, #2 (168)

7. PT 43, S2, #5 (20)

LOGICAL FORCE

1. PT 12, S1, #26 (159)

2. PT 12, S4, #24 (179)

3. PT 19, S4, #5 (37)

OTHER

1. PT 27, S4, #22 (314) (verbal substitution) Continue Reading...»