Columbia Undergraduate Law Review: Call for Submissions

I just received the below announcement from the Columbia Undergraduate Law Review, which is seeking submissions for its Fall 2011 issue. You don't have to be a Columbia student to submit - you can be a student anywhere in the world, and you can re-use papers from your undergraduate courses.

This is a great way to get published and to add a few extra lines to your resume. You can email culrsubmissions@gmail.com with your submissions.

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We are accepting submissions for our Fall 2011 issue! The deadline is Monday, October 21st at 11:59 pm. In recognition of the various paths undergraduates may take to study law, we welcome submissions of research articles, senior theses, and essays embracing a wide range of topics and viewpoints related to the field of law. Undergraduate students in any major, track, or class year should thus feel free to send us their work.

Submissions should be double-spaced in Microsoft Word .doc format, follow the Chicago style, and include endnotes. Although we will consider submissions of any length, most papers published in the journal range from 20 to 25 pages. It would be highly appreciated if longer papers could be shortened to fit this page length recommendation before submission.

In the document please also include the following information:

1) Your name:
2) Current email address and phone number:
3) Undergraduate college/university:
4) Class year:
5) Title:
6) 250-word abstract:

Kindly send submissions to:

The subject field of the email and the title of the attached submission should look as follows: [University Name]_ [Author Last Name]_ [Submission Title]. For example, if a Columbia student named Jane Smith wanted to submit her paper from an international politics class, she would attach a document with the following title: Columbia_Smith_InternationalLaw.doc. Her email to culrsubmissions@gmail.com would have the same subject line: Columbia_Smith_InternationalLaw.

Thank you and good luck!

Photo by krisnelson

Logic and Games

* How to write an impressive personal statement (even if you didn't start an NGO to save orphans from smallpox). [LSAT Blog]

* What we've all been waiting for: the ability to submit law school applications via iPhone app. [Above The Law]

* University of Illinois Law School submits corrected LSAT and GPA #s. [ABA Journal]

* A causal relationship we can all get behind: "[S]tudents who had pictures or posts about getting drunk or blacking out were more likely to be at risk of drinking problems..." [Yahoo News]

* Amanda Knox's murder conviction was overturned in Italy. [LA Times]

* A Starbucks in Manhattan calls the cops on a laptop user who wouldn't buy anything. [Gawker]

October 2011 LSAT Score Release Dates

UPDATE: LSAC began releasing October 2011 LSAT scores on Monday, October 24th, in the late afternoon, Eastern Time. Scores are released in batches, and it may take several hours for everyone to receive their scores.

Good luck!

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Good luck to everyone taking the October LSAT!

The October LSAT scores / results are scheduled to be released via email by Wednesday, October 26, 2011. However, the scores usually come back a bit earlier.

Let's look at the trend over the past several years (click below chart to enlarge):

Just as with the June 2011 LSAT, LSAC is giving themselves a few extra days (as compared to previous years) to calculate the scores.

For the June 2011 LSAT, LSAC said they'd have the scores back within 23 days, rather than the typical 21. However, June 2011 LSAT scores came back 2 days ahead of schedule - the Monday before the scheduled release date.

Now, for the October 2011 LSAT, LSAC says they'll have the scores back within 25 days, rather than the typical 23. For this reason, given the information we have about the actual June 2011 LSAT score release date, my best guess is that October 2011 LSAT scores will be released on Monday, October 24th.

When do you think they'll come back?

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"But at what time specifically? I need to know when to constantly refresh my email / LSAC account!"

In batches over the course of several hours. Likely starting late in the day (Eastern Time).

No one knows how the batches are organized, if at all.

The batches do not seem to be organized in any of these ways:

alphabetical/regional/high-to-low scores/low-to-high scores/test center #, etc.

Wish everyone all the best!

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Also see other LSAT score release dates posts.

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While you're waiting for your score, get busy with my admissions-related blog posts.

Also see, Should You to Cancel Your LSAT Score?

Feel free to leave comments and vent at the injustice of having to wait so long for what is rightfully yours.

October 2011 LSAT Curve: PrepTest 64

UPDATE: The curve for the October 2011 LSAT: PrepTest 64 is now available.

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The "curve" on the October 2010 exam was pretty generous. It allowed 12 incorrect answers to get a 170. (The average for September/October exams in recent years was only 10.25 incorrect answers).

The below chart contains recent data regarding the number of questions you could get wrong on recent exams and still achieve a particular scaled score (out of 180):









This continues the trend of relatively generous curves in the most recent exams.

(See what it's taken to get an LSAT score of 160 or 170 on every released LSAT PrepTest.)

Come back after you take the LSAT and post your curve predictions in the comments!

Photo by blprnt_van

LSAT Diary: Strategies and Test Day Prep

This installment of LSAT Diaries comes from Brad, who followed my 3-month LSAT study schedule and scored a 179!

He's got tons of LSAT advice for you about how he did it.

If you want to be in LSAT Diaries, please email me at LSATUnplugged@gmail.com. (You can be in LSAT Diaries whether you've taken the exam already or not.)

Thanks to Brad for sharing his experience and advice, and please leave your questions for him below in the comments!

Brad's LSAT Diary:

By the time I had made the decision to apply to law school, I realized that I had a bit of an uphill battle. My first year in college was horrendous, and had a large impact on my GPA. The following 3.5 years were much better and I graduated with a major GPA of 3.6, but a cumulative of 3.16. With a desire to attend a T14 school, I knew that the LSAT would be an incredibly important part of my application, and would possibly make or break my admission. I decided to devote myself entirely to the LSAT. When the results came in, I knew that I had made the right decision.

With that, my first words of wisdom to anyone reading this is to sit down, think long and hard about this test, and make the decision. If you are just starting to kick around the idea of taking the test, and the next administration is in 2 months, I would advise holding out a few more months. If you are set on taking the next administration, know what grit and commitment it requires. This test may in the long run have the largest effect on your future of any test in your life.

The test is not unbeatable, but you have to show a total commitment to beating it. I recently ran into an old acquaintance who told me that he had also taken the LSAT, but shortly before the test started seeing a new lady friend, and thus didn't devote any time to studying logic games. As you can imagine, he was not quite happy with his score.

I originally planned on taking the test earlier, but due to outside circumstances, work, etc. was not comfortable with the amount of studying I had achieved and put it off until June. I did some intermittent studying in the months leading up to and shortly thereafter Feb. but with about three months until the June administration, cleared everything that I could from my schedule and made the LSAT my number one priority. I felt lost, and a bit overwhelmed. I was doing early LSAT PrepTests, but my scores were erratic.

I stumbled across LSAT Blog, read through absolutely everything on the site that I could, and decided that his three month study plan was the best for me. Of all of the information that I found on various blogs and message boards, nothing seemed as comprehensive and structured as Steve's LSAT study plans. I cleared off my large desk calendar and wrote down everything that I needed to do, day by day, over the 3 months. I was about a week and a half behind when I got started, so the day by day breakdown allowed me to condense Steve's schedule a bit, and stay on track. Having a day by day guide kept my studying structured, and forced me to face when I was falling behind, and catch up.

Remember, the point of the study strategies, and of the studying in general is to find something that works for you. By the time you enter the testing center, you should recognize patterns, know there will almost undoubtedly be a question about unemployment rates, and have a good idea as to exactly what 35 minutes feels like. For those three months, I lived and breathed the LSAT.

One of the most important aspects of my studying was pinning down the variations of my mental state during each PrepTest. I'll write a bit more about state of mind when talking about test day, but for the prep work, I cannot stress its importance. I understand that everyone has to study when they can and how they can, but try to make the environment as realistic as possible. That means turning off the tv and the stereo, getting off the couch, and pretending every time that you put pencil to paper, that you are taking a test. I took my comfortable office chair out of the office, and used a kitchen chair.

When I was studying, I didn't smoke, didn't eat, didn't listen to music and turned off my phone. When doing a PrepTest, I used the online LSAT timer so that come test day I wouldn't be surprised to hear someone interrupt my train of thought by saying "5 minutes remaining in this section." (Sounds silly, I know, but the first time I used it I nearly jumped out of my chair I was so thrown off by a sudden interruption.)

On my two days off a week, after my morning routine, I would take a full PrepTest. I began adding on a fifth, and for endurance occasionally a sixth section. I would then take an afternoon break, and return to dissect the test. I began with writing down each problem that I answered wrong, and what type of problem it was so that I knew my weak spots. I would then go through any question that I answered wrong and any question that I answered correctly but had trouble with. For every question that I answered incorrectly I would dissect the question and explain why the right answer was right and the others not. It was through this very time consuming process that I noticed the greatest jump in my score. When I truly understood why a question was wrong, I would be much less likely to repeat a mistake.

My scores consistently hovered around 176 with two important happenings. At first, I realized I was dissecting the questions to an almost absurd degree while testing, so I needed to take a step back, and trust my gut a bit. The other was that the title of one of Steve's posts became my mantra of sorts. "How I learned to stop worrying and love the LSAT." I was at my absolute best when I viewed the test not as a source of frustration, but a puzzle, a code to crack, or a game. I cannot guess how many times I repeated those words to myself.

When I signed up for the testing center, being in a major city, I had my choice between a number of locations. I picked the most expensive private university in the list and am very happy I did. I ended up in a law classroom at Northwestern, a top 14 school with very comfortable amenities, as opposed to my undergrad school which was notorious for terrible classrooms with odd smells, awful florescent lighting, and a number of confusing noises.

So finally, leading up to test day, I took the two days before the test off of work to focus, and most importantly to relax. I did activities during the day that were not test-related, and wouldn't tire me out, ensuring a good night's sleep. I woke up the morning of the test, with my ziplock bag already packed, went through my normal morning routine, and headed out the door. I arrived at the testing center over an hour early, just to insure that time would not add to my already existing nerves. I brought with me 1 Logic Game, 1 Reading Comp passage, and two pages of Logical Reasoning.

I found a secluded spot, and sat down to relax, calm my nerves, and do a few prep questions. I did not score my questions that morning, as I didn't need to shake my confidence with a few wrong answers immediately before heading into the test. One of the other important mental games was also mentioned by Danielle in her LSAT Diary. I ignored that other people were there to take the test, I didn't need to feel someone else's nerves, or let their casual attitude make me feel unprepared for being so nervous. Make the test about you, and simply focus on you and the test.

Seeing as people seem to be drawn to sports analogies in things like this, what's one more? I remembered watching basketball as a kid, specifically Reggie Miller at the free throw line, and was amazed that someone could be so intently focused with 35,000 screaming fans and millions more watching around the country. In taking the test, I tried to achieve a similar state of zen if you will. When I sat down at the table, I knew that I had done everything I could to prepare. Early mornings, late nights, 8-10 hour days of studying and test taking left me knowing every corner of that exam. When the time came, and the proctor told us to open our books, much like I imagine Reggie Miller did, I stopped thinking about the test, took a deep breath, and simply started to do the test.

Without the full support of my family, friends, and girlfriend, I would not have been able to achieve what I have. They simply had to understand that for three months, barring important obligations, I was off the grid. If that meant that on our one day off together, my girlfriend knew that I would disappear to the office for the majority of the day, that was the sacrifice I had to make, and luckily the sacrifice she was willing to make. It was a rough three months indeed, but I can say without a shred of doubt, absolutely worth it. I jumped 12 points from my first cold test to test day, and hopefully anyone reading this will realize that with the right preparation and resources, a few months of dedication can make a world of difference.

Logic and Games

* The October LSAT is almost upon us! Check out these LSAT Test Day Tips. [LSAT Blog]

* This law student donated sperm several times to pay for school, and he may now have over 100 biological children. [Above The Law]

* This 16-year-old just started law school and wants to become a defense attorney. No word yet on how he's paying for it. [News Observer]

* A judge in Minnesota approved the serving of divorce papers via email, Facebook, and MySpace. [ABA Journal]

* The NYTimes implies that people around the world are sick of democracy and want the Internet as a model for participation in government. [NYTimes]

Can You Bring Your Cell Phone To The LSAT?

No.

This is a reminder that LSAC does not permit cell phones at the test center.

The rules require that you leave them at home.

Take another look at the LSAT test day tips for more on what you can and can't bring.

I'm just guessing here, but I think the cell phone ban might stem from a 12-year-old LSAT cheating scandal - back when people actually used pagers:

The Law School Admission Council, the official administrator of the Law School Admission Test, or LSAT, became intimately aware of the threat in 1997, when a University of Southern California test taker ran out of the exam room with his test book. A proctor chased him, but couldn't stop him from hopping into a getaway car.

Hours later, the thief sent the LSAT answers to two test takers at the University of Hawaii at Manoa -- where the test was just commencing -- via electronic pager. The proctor became suspicious when she noticed the test takers frequently looking at their pagers. She let them finish their exams, then contacted the LSAC, which turned the case over to the Los Angeles Police Department.

All three students were prosecuted in California Superior Court on charges of conspiracy to commit robbery. They were sentenced to a year in jail each and forced to pay $97,000 in restitution to the LSAC.

The LSAC retains experts in electronic surveillance equipment from Securitas Security Services USA Inc. to provide staff to administer tests, carry out security investigations and alert testing companies of the latest cheating gadgetry and trends.

But, for now, it doesn't use electronic detection devices. Jim Vaseleck, executive assistant to the president of the LSAC, notes that astute proctors, not gadgets, foiled the USC plot.

"We instruct test takers and train proctors that folks are not allowed to bring electronic devices into testing centers," he says.

Plus, he believes that low-tech cheating schemes, which can be combated only with astute proctors, remain a bigger problem. He notes incidents where test takers carved exam answers into No. 2 pencils, selling them on the black market for close to $1,000, or lined up different-colored M&Ms on a desk to correspond to answers of multiple- choice questions. "Electronic devices present more of a nuisance than a security problem," Mr. Vaseleck says.

(article from Wisconsin School of Journalism website - link down- http://www.journalism.wisc.edu/crediteducation/WSJ%20art.htm)

I hope that LSAC learned its lesson and hires more physically-fit proctors these days.

Either way, the bottom line: don't cheat.

Photo by ewige

Law School: The Socratic Method

The below excerpt about the Socratic method is from Professor David Hricik's Law School Basics (Amazon).

The Socratic Method

Law school classes are not taught like undergraduate courses. Instead of simply listening to a lecture and taking notes, law school classes—particularly most first-year classes—are taught using the so-called “Socratic method.” In the Socratic method, the professor teaches not by lecturing, but by engaging in a dialogue with one or more students in the class. The teacher may often stay with one student for the entire class period. It can be stressful, and some professors enjoy showing off their intellect at the expense of their students.

Professors who use the Socratic method teach by asking questions based upon hypothetical fact patterns slightly different from the cases that were assigned as reading. The professor will see how far the rule from the case can be stretched: when should a different result be reached, or a different rule applied?

For instance, suppose in the assigned case the court had reasoned that a person’s trespass across somebody else’s property was unlawful, even though the person did not know he was trespassing. The professor may ask: “Suppose he was trespassing across someone’s land in order to rush another person to the hospital?”

The professor wants to test the limits of the “rule” from the case and the student’s ability to think on his or her feet. Does the case really mean that all trespasses are always illegal; that is what the court said that it “held”; but can’t some trespasses be “justified” or “excused?” If so, what rules or tests should be used to determine whether such an exception should apply—whether someone should not be held liable for trespass even though he went onto another’s land without permission. The Socratic method is used to explore the factual, logical, and policy boundaries of legal rules as stated by the cases.

The Socratic teaching method is less widely used in law schools than it was in the past, particularly after the first-year classes. Whether that is good or bad as a pedagogical matter is an open question. From personal experience, however, I can say that knowing you will not be grilled about the assigned reading makes it easier to go to classes during your third year, when often you are too detached to care about being prepared for class.

Another common feature of most law schools is that you will have only one test in each class, a final, given at the end of the semester. In some year-long classes, you will have only one test at the end of the school year. Unlike undergraduate courses, your grade for each law course will depend entirely upon how well you do on one test. (Legal writing classes are different because an evaluation of writing ability is not best based on one sample, and so grades in legal writing are based upon several assignments turned in over the semester.)

Thus, except for legal writing, during your first year your daily routine will consist of reading cases and other materials, such as law review articles, and showing up for class to discuss them by the Socratic method. Unlike your typical undergraduate experience, during your entire law school career you will rarely turn in any paper or other assignments. There will only be one final in each class. That one test will determine your grade for the entire, semester-long course, or in some cases, for the entire year-long course. During your first year, this routine will be punctuated every four to six weeks by the need to turn in an assignment in your legal writing class.

Photo by wallyg

Law School Basics Ebook PDF

The vast majority of content here on LSAT Blog is, unsurprisingly, about the LSAT.

However, plain common sense tells me that just about all of you are considering law school.

As such, I've made Law School Basics: A Preview of Law School and Legal Reasoning by Professor David Hricik available for instant PDF download. It's also available on Amazon.

(I've also published an excerpt from it covering the Socratic method, as well as an excerpt about law school case briefs.)

The table of contents includes:

-An Overview of Law School
-The United States Legal System
-The Common Law Reasoning Process
-Why Law School Is Structured Like It Is
-The Legal Research Process
-Hints for Better Legal Research
-Legal Writing: How Lawyers Write About Cases
-Writing Hints

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At the moment, this 203-page guide to law school is only $9.97.

Here's a description of the book directly from the publisher:

Law school has the reputation of being one of the hardest academic programs. It is a reputation well earned. However, Law School Basics is chock-full of insights and strategies that will prepare you well and give you a head start on the competition.

Law School Basics presents a thorough overview of law school, legal reasoning, and legal writing. It was written for those who are considering law school; for those who are about to start law school; and for those who are interested in knowing more about lawyering and the legal process.

Law School Basics was written with one overriding goal: to enlighten you about everything the author wishes he had known before starting law school.

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Please note:

-This is a PDF available for instant download after submitting payment via PayPal. Download Adobe Acrobat Reader at http://get.adobe.com/reader/ and ensure that your copy of this software is up to date.

-If you're already registered with PayPal, the instant download link will be sent to your PayPal email address. Otherwise, it'll be sent to whichever email address you submit.

-You don't need a PayPal account to complete your purchase. If you don't have one, simply select the "guest checkout" option.

LSAT Diary: Finding Time to Study For The LSAT In College

This installment of LSAT Diaries comes from Chris, a 24-year-old recent college graduate.

In this LSAT Diary, he talks about the struggles involved in finding time to study for the LSAT while taking his college classes.

If you want to be in LSAT Diaries, please email me at LSATUnplugged@gmail.com. (You can be in LSAT Diaries whether you've taken the exam already or not.)

Please leave Chris some encouragement below in the comments!

Chris's LSAT Diary:

Here I am (somewhat) fresh out of college and at the nexus of determining the next step in my academic career: the LSAT.

For the better part of six years, I have entertained the dream that I could command my way into a top law school if I worked hard enough. It all started when I was a party in an unfortunate personal injury case involving a hit-and-run driver. An accomplished attorney grilled me for three days straight and it was one of the most stressful experiences I had ever encountered at that time. Yet, during my courtroom experience, I noticed that lawyers were just mere mortals and I became fascinated with the mechanics and components of practicing the law. I said to myself, "This is cool. I could do something like that." After wrapping up the trial, I flung myself back into the daily grind of college (lectures, homework and work) with a renewed confidence.

For the next four years, I challenged myself to perform at the highest possible level that I could. My academic goal was to get straight As throughout my undergraduate career and to put in the necessary time to make that happen. It wasn't easy, but I survived each day with a lot of diligence, persistence and support from friends, family and teachers. As time went by, I focused primarily on school and working full-time as a Resident Assistant. Being on call 24 hours a day didn't exactly leave me much time to study for the LSAT before I graduated. School and work ate up most of my weekdays and weekends. Taking breaks for myself required the rest of my time.

After coming to the gripping realization that my 4.0+ UGPA isn't automatically going to translate into an elite score, I enrolled in several classes that built fundamental LSAT skills, like critical reasoning. Before I knew it, it was time to graduate, and the LSAT was the last hurdle that I would have to complete before I could go to all those dream schools whose allure captivated me during my spring break trips. I planned on studying the entire summer, which I thought would be brimming with free time. If you sprinkled in a few personal crises, family troubles and post-grad anxiety, then you would have recreated the situation that my idealistic study period turned into.

I have read a variety of books (the best being A Rulebook for Arguments and How to Think Logically), pored over countless LSAT Blog posts, taken a lot of PrepTests, and brutally dissected myself based on their results. While that sort of mentally taxing experience is never easy to deal with, I'm having fun. I'm excited to finally take the test and not have it take a hold of nearly every conversation I have with someone when he or she asks, "What are your plans for after college?" If I don't do well, then I'll just regroup and prepare again (hopefully with fewer distractions).

The most important thing that I have learned is that we all make mistakes and we deal with the consequences. Buying into the mindset that taking the LSAT only once and doing well is the only way you're ever going to make it as a successful lawyer isn't going to help you. Sure, your application might be dinged somewhat if your scores are averaged, but the ABA only requires law schools to report a student's highest score.

Also, there is a popular tendency among individuals, especially stressed-out students, to champion fear-based memes for public consumption on the Internet whenever the LSAT is mentioned. In my opinion, that's all nonsense. To all those people who are prepping with me or are going to study in the near future, I hope that you'll just put the time in to understand the test and stay positive. In turn, you'll likely learn more about yourself. As for me, I'm just enjoying the process.

Photo by Paul Watson

Logic and Games

* More LSAT Test Day Tips than you could ever possibly want. [LSAT Blog]

* An analysis of law schools behaving badly - in fudging their students' LSAT scores and GPAs.

* Fordham Law School ends farm share program - a case study in red tape. [NYTimes]

* Kennedy Fried Chicken restaurants may be committing trademark infringement - against the original Kennedy Fried Chicken. [NYTimes]

* A webcomic rendition of the Netflix streaming / DVD split. [The Oatmeal]

* A brief history of the emoticon. [Mashable]

* A film entitled "This Is Not A Film" was shot on an iPhone and snuck out of Iran in a cake. [Huffington Post]

Law School Personal Statement Topics: Interview

I recently interviewed Stefanie Arr of The Advanced Edit via email.

(Also see our other interview about burnout, diversity statements, and addenda.)

Our discussion follows.

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1. How can someone write an impressive personal statement if they haven't ever *done* anything impressive? After all, not everyone applying to law school has founded NGOs to save orphans from smallpox.

I always warn my students of falling into that death trap of “Oh no, I didn’t volunteer/start up a business/end world hunger, what do I do?!” It’s a terrible thing to start doubting your abilities and accomplishments just before writing an essay where you have to showcase them. Personal statements are not about what impressive things you've done as much as they are about how impressive you are, as a person-- specifically, a mature person going on to an advanced degree. This is seen mainly through effective writing skills; even the most altruistic feats come off as boring and uninspiring if written about poorly or without good argument structure. Law school as an institution exists to train students to become persuasive and effective writers, and any lawyer worth his/her/its salt has to good at persuading people. So, admissions counselors want to see promise of that in each applicant.


2. Applicant after applicant will write personal statements stating their reasons for wanting to go to law school. How can each one of our dear readers write a compelling essay on this topic that will stand out to admissions committees?

If your wonderful readers choose to write a “Why Law School” essay, they should focus on tailoring it specifically to themselves, not to what they feel admissions counselors want to hear. A common mistake is to write an essay thinking that admissions counselors want to read about why law school will help an applicant end global warming, develop his/her own corporate empire, or fulfill the family legacy of lawyering. A “Why Law School” essay should provide realistic reasons why you should go to law school, and explain why your own qualities and experiences make this a natural choice. So, it’s less “Why law school would be a good idea” and more “Why I want to go to law school and how my background and abilities make it a great fit for me.”


3. How much time should one spend revising a personal statement, and how can one tell when it's *finished*?

It’s impossible to set a firm amount of time and have that work for everyone. Everyone works at different speeds and everyone has different amounts of free time available to them. So, whether it’s one month or an entire application cycle (about four to five months), one has to allot enough time to write multiple drafts and to revise and review appropriately. It’s also important to be honest with yourself about how much time you actually have, and to be realistic with your goals. Rushing should NEVER be an option.

You’re done with your essay when you’ve exhausted your own resources-- when you feel like you can’t possibly add or edit anymore! This is when giving your essay over to someone for review may be a good idea. Yes, applicants do give me their essays to review, but a professor or trusted colleague can help as well. You are your own worst critic and own worst slave-driver so, sometimes, someone else has to tell you to step away from your computer. And, usually, they’re right.


4. Anything else?

It’s important to note that the personal statement is the ONLY chance for admissions counselors to get to know you. Yes, hard factors (like the LSAT...ahem) are critical and often deciding elements, but your statement has significant sway. Your essay is also the only part of your application that you have complete and utter control over. So, don’t squander it, but don’t lose sight of what it’s about, either.


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Stefanie Arr is a professional writing tutor and editor based in New York City. She has nearly a decade of publishing and editing experience and offers expert, in-depth editing and revision services. She can help you develop and improve the skills necessary to deliver a clear, finished product, including brainstorming and paper organization, grammar and syntax mechanics, academic research, argument structure, style, and draft revision.

Photo by bobaubuchon