A common technique for solving LSAT Logical Reasoning questions is to negate each of the answer choices. The correct answer choice, when negated, destroys the argument by preventing the conclusion from logically following from the evidence.
Sometimes, answer choices contain conditional statements, rather than simply containing a single clause.
The proper negation of a conditional statement can often be trickier than the negation of a single clause.
When negating a conditional statement, keep in mind that your goal is NOT to negate the variables themselves.
For example, if we have the statement X → Y, we can do 4 different types of modifications that involve negating the variables included, but none of them is truly a negation of the statement as a whole.
We could negate the sufficient condition, resulting in NOT X -→ Y.
We could negate the necessary condition, resulting in X -→ NOT Y.
We could negate both the sufficient condition and the necessary condition, resulting in NOT X → NOT Y.
We could take the contrapositive of the statement, resulting in NOT Y → NOT X.
However, this isn't what you should be doing when your goal is to negate a conditional statement.
A conditional statement is composed of a sufficient condition and a necessary condition.
It's claiming that one thing is sufficient to guarantee, to require, another thing to occur.
The negation of this concept would be that the thing previously claimed to be sufficient to guarantee another is no longer sufficient.
So, if we had been originally told that X requires Y, the negation of that statement would be that X does not require Y -- that X is no longer sufficient to guarantee Y.
Take the following statement:
If I have pizza, then I will be happy.
P → H
Suppose someone then claims this statement is not true. (For example, they say that if I had pizza, but was repeatedly punched in the face, I wouldn't be happy despite my possession of pizza).
As such, pizza is not truly sufficient to guarantee my happiness, because I also need to not be repeatedly punched in the face in order to be happy.
We can diagram this information as P --/--> H
It's simply P, followed by an arrow with a slash through it, followed by H.
Just as a conditional statement is valid information and useful information, knowing that two particular variables do NOT have a sufficient-necessary relationship is also useful information.
It tells us that one thing alone is NOT enough to require another.
Please see, for example, the diagramming technique used in my recent blog post on
Logical Reasoning: Inference Questions and the Contrapositive.
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Examples of diagramming in this way:Parallel Flaw question:
Take, for example, a Parallel Flaw question - PrepTest 36 (December 2001), Section 3, Question 19 (page 275 in
Next 10).
The evidence tells us that liking turnips is not sufficient to guarantee that one likes potatoes.
We can diagram this as T --/--> P.
(Liking turnips doesn't require that you like potatoes.)
The (flawed) conclusion tells us that liking potatoes is not sufficient to guarantee that one likes turnips.
We can diagram this as P --/--> T.
(Liking potatoes doesn't require that you like turnips.)
Even though this is telling us that we DON'T know something (just because someone likes turnips, this doesn't guarantee that they like potatoes), this doesn't mean that it's not worth writing down or knowing.
Necessary Assumption question:
Additionally, let's look at the choices in a Necessary Assumption question - PrepTest 33 (December 2000), Section 1, Question 19 (page 157 in
Next 10). Negating answer choices in Necessary Assumption questions is a useful technique, as I described in my blog post titled,
Necessary Assumption Questions, Negation Test, and Must Be True Qs.
Choice A can be rewritten to state, "If a demagogue can enlist the necessary public support to topple an existing regime, then a comprehensive general education system must have been in place" or DNPS → CGES
To negate this, we can say, "a demagogue can enlist the necessary public support to topple an existing regime EVEN IF a comprehensive general education system is not in place" or DNPS ---/--> CGES
Choice B can be rewritten to state, "General awareness of injustice in a society requires literacy" or GAI → L
To negate this, we can say, "general awareness of injustice in society DOES NOT require literacy" or GAI --/--> L
Choice C can be rewritten to state, "If you have a comprehensive system of general education, then you will tend to preserve benign regimes' authority" or CSGE → TPBRA
To negate this, we can say, "Even if you have a comprehensive system of general education, it may not tend to preserve benign regimes' authority" or CSGE --/--> TPBRA
Choice D can be rewritten to state, "If you have a lack of general education, then your ability to differentiate between legitimate and illegitimate calls for reform will be affected" or LGE → ADA
To negate this, we can say, "Even if you lack general education, your ability to differentiate between legitimate and illegitimate calls for reform won't necessarily be affected" or LGE --/--> ADA
Choice E can be rewritten to state, "If a benign regime doesn't provide comprehensive general education, then it'll be toppled by a clever demagogue" or NOT PCGE → TCD
To negate this, we can say, "Even if a benign regime doesn't provide comprehensive general education, it won't necessarily be toppled by a clever demagogue" or NOT PCGE --/--> TCD
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Please leave your questions for each other about properly negating conditional statements (or negating any kind of statements at all) in the comments and help each other out!
